Le Syndrome de Prader Willi (SPW) est une pathologie neurodéveloppementale d’origine génétique présentant un tableau clinique complexe et évoluant avec l’âge.Elle est caractérisée par des déficits sensori-moteurs présents dès la naissance se manifestant par une hypotonie, une absence du réflexe de succion et des troubles respiratoires incluant des apnées obstructives et centrales constituant la première cause de mortalité. Les patients présentent un certain degré d’altération cognitive et un déficit de comportement associé aux troubles du spectre autistique (TSA). Des déficits sensoriels, se manifestent dès la naissance et sont caractérisés par un seuil élevé à la douleur, une altération de la thermosensibilité et de la thermorégulation se manifestant par des épisodes d’hyper- ou d’hypothermie pouvant être fatals chez le nourrisson. Ces déficits sont une caractéristique fondamentale du diagnostic des TSA et sont retrouvées chez 90% des patients autistes. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à étudier la physiopathologie de la fonction respiratoire et la thermosensibilité néonatales et leur altération dans la pathologie neurodéveloppementale. Ces études ont été rendues possibles grâce à l’utilisation de deux modèles murins:les Ndn-/- et Ml2+/-p.Ndn est impliqué dans le SPW et l’étude des souris Ndn-/-,a permis de décrypter l’origine des déficits sérotoninergiques responsables des troubles respiratoires.Ml2,est impliqué dans le SPW et le syndrome de Schaaf Yang (SSY) et l’investigation des souris Ml2+/-p a mis en évidence l’existence d’un déficit de thermosensibilité néonatale et démontré l’implication du système ocytocinergique dans la modulation de cette fonction sensorielle. / Prader Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopemental genetic disease with a symptomatology which evolves with age. This pathology is mainly characterized by sensory motor defects at birth such as severe infantile hypotonia with poor suck and failure to thrive and respiratory disturbances including both obstructive and central sleep apnea which represent the most common cause of death. PWS patients also have some cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances, overlapping with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Sensory deficits, are already present at birth and are characterized by high pain threshold and a defect in thermosensibility and thermoregulation manifested by episode of hypo- or hyperthermia which can be fatal in newborns. Moreover, these deficits are a core aspect of ASD affecting 90 % of children. My thesis work consisted in studying the pathophysiology of respiratory function during the early postnatal stages as well as neonatal thermosensitivity and its alteration in neurodevelopmental pathology. These studies were made possible by the use of two mouse models: Ndn-/- and Magel2+/-p mice. Ndn is involved in PWS and summarizing the respiratory disorders found in patients. Ml2 is involved in both SPW and Schaaf Yang syndrome (SYS), a recently discovered pathology overlapping with ASD. Ndn-/-mice allowed me to decipher the underlying mechanism behind the serotonin deficits responsible for respiratory disorders, thus allowing me to develop an effective therapeutic strategy. The investigation of Ml2+/-p mice revealed neonatal cool sensitivity deficit and demonstrated the involvement of the oxytocinergic system in the modulation of this sensory function.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NiveaNM_DISSERT.pdf: 4430545 bytes, checksum: 80673edc56d71303c3e6a5cd7b2b1996 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present study describes the stability and rheological behavior of suspensions of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan (PNIPAMCS), and poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)-chitosan-poly (acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-CS-PAA) crosslinked particles sensitive to pH and temperature. These dual-sensitive materials were simply obtained by one-pot method, via free-radical precipitation copolymerization with potassium persulfate, using N,N -methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. Incorporation of the precursor materials into the chemical networks was confirmed by elementary analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The influence of external stimuli such as pH and temperature, or both, on particle behavior was investigated through rheological measurements, visual stability tests and analytical centrifugation. The PNIPAM-CS particles showed higher stability in acid and neutral media, whereas PNIPAM-CS-PAA particles were more stable in neutral and alkaline media, both below and above the LCST of poly (Nisopropylacrylamide) (stability data). This is due to different interparticle interactions, as well as those between the particles and the medium (also evidenced by rheological data), which were also influenced by the pH and temperature of the medium. Based on the results obtained, we found that the introduction of pH-sensitive polymers to crosslinked poly (Nisopropylacrylamide) particles not only produced dual-sensitive materials, but allowed particle stability to be adjusted, making phase separation faster or slower, depending on the desired application. Thus, it is possible to adapt the material to different media / Esse estudo descreve a estabilidade e o comportamento reol?gico de suspens?es aquosas de part?culas reticuladas sensitivas de poli (N-isopropilacrilamida) (PNIPAM), poli (N-isopropilacrilamida)-quitosana (PNIPAM-QS) e poli (N-isopropilacrilamida)-quitosanapoli (?cido acr?lico) (PNIPAM-CS-PAA). A obten??o dos materiais foi realizada por polimeriza??o por precipita??o, via radicais livres, utilizando persulfato de pot?ssio como iniciador e N,N -metilenobisacrilamida (MBA) como agente reticulante. A incorpora??o dos precursores nas part?culas reticuladas foi confirmada por an?lise elementar e espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho. A influ?ncia de est?mulos externos, como pH, temperatura, ou ambos, no comportamento das part?culas, foi investigado por medidas reol?gicas, estabilidade visual e centrifuga??o anal?tica. As part?culas de PNIPAM-QS apresentaram maior estabilidade em meios ?cido e neutro, enquanto que as part?culas de PNIPAM-QS-PAA foram mais est?veis em meios neutro e alcalino, tanto abaixo quanto acima da LCST da PNIPAM (dados de estabilidade). Isso ocorreu devido ?s diferentes intera??es interpart?culas e entre as part?culas e o meio (tamb?m evidenciadas pelos dados reol?gicos), que foi influenciada pelo pH e temperatura do meio. Baseando-se nos resultados obtidos, observou-se que a introdu??o de pol?meros sens?veis ao pH nas part?culas reticuladas de poli (N-isopropilacrilamida), resultou n?o apenas na s?ntese de copol?meros reticulados com dupla sensibilidade, mas em part?culas pass?veis de ajuste de estabilidade, ou seja, que podem sofrer separa??o de fases mais ou menos r?pida, dependendo da aplica??o desejada. Dessa forma, ? poss?vel adaptar as part?culas sintetizadas aos mais diversos meios