Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rubira_cj_me_botfm.pdf: 645645 bytes, checksum: e75d94d4917e2b0afc20438d49f14b0f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Cerca de um terço dos traumas de tórax necessitam de hospitalização, e a grande maioria destes pacientes é tratada com toracostomia tubular fechada. A principal morbidade associada a este procedimento é o empiema pleural. Devido aos possíveis índices de morbidade e mortalidade relacionados ao empiema pós- traumático e as implicações do uso irracional de antibióticos, acreditamos ser relevante a realização desta revisão sistemática. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade da administração de antibiótico na redução de empiema em pacientes com toracostomia tubular devido a trauma. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados, utilizando a metodologia Cochrane, através de busca eletrônica e manual. Foram incluídos pacientes com trauma de tórax isolado, submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada, sem distinção de idade e sexo, incluídos nos estudos elegíveis, cuja intervenção foi a administração de antibióticos como tratamento preventivo comparado com placebo. Resultados: Foram selecionados 6 estudos totalizando 753 pacientes com trauma torácico isolado submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada. A metanálise demonstrou efeito de tratamento superior dos antibióticos em relação ao placebo, tanto para o desfecho empiema, RR=0,18 (IC 95% 0,07 a 0,46) como para o desfecho pneumonia, RR= 0,43 (IC 95% 0,23 a 0,82). Conclusão: Antibióticos são efetivos para reduzir a frequência de empiema e pneumonia em pacientes com trauma de tórax isolado submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada. / About a third of the thorax traumas need hospitalization, and the great majority of these patients is treated with closed tube thoracostomy. The main morbidity associated to this procedure is the pleural empyema. Due to the possible morbidity and mortality rates related to the empyema posttraumatic and the implications of the irrational use of antibiotics, we believed to be relevant the accomplishment of this systematic review. Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of the antibiotic administration in the empyema reduction in patients with tube thoracostomy trauma. Methods: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials, using the Cochrane methodology, through electronic and manual search. It was included patients with isolated thorax trauma, submitted to closed tube thoracostomy, without distinction of age and sex, included in the eligible studies, whose intervention was the administration of antibiotics as preventive treatment compared to placebo. Results: 753 patients with isolated thoracic trauma submitted to closed tube thoracostomy in 6 studies. The meta-analysis demonstrated superior effect of antibiotics treatment in relation to the placebo, as much for the outcome empyema, RR=0,18 (IC 95% 0,07 to 0,46) as for the outcome pneumonia, RR = 0,43 (IC 95% 0,23 to 0,82). Conclusion: Antibiotics are effective to reduce the pneumonia and empyema incidence in patients with trauma of isolated thorax submitted to closed tube thoracostomy.

M.Tech.

This descriptive study was designed to investigate the problem of inadequate emotional recovery from open heart surgery. This problem has been defined by a number of earlier researchers who have noted adverse emotional reactions to the experience of cardiac surgery in both the early postoperative and the post-discharge periods. This investigation had as its purpose the examination of the pre-discharge recovery of patients, and the investigator intended to note whether there existed a common pattern of recovery among the patients studied (hence, a pattern of emotional response to surgery). It was anticipated that the discovery of similarities of behaviour might give insight into the responses to open heart surgery and provide information important to the study of long-term rehabilitation. Twenty adult patients scheduled for open heart surgery were selected as the sample for study. The principal setting for the investigation was the Cardiac Surgery Unit of a large metropolitan hospital. Subjects were interviewed one to two days prior to surgery and then every two to three days postoperatively until the time of discharge. The investigator obtained qualitative data with the aid of a data collection tool, noting the physiological status of the subjects but focusing most directly on verbal and nonverbal behaviours exhibited. The latter observations included focus of conversation, patterns of communication, affect, orientation, level of anxiety, and activity. Following analysis of the data, it was noted that a common pattern of recovery was indeed evident. Three phases of recovery - Somatic, Transition and Resolution - could be described for each subject in the sample. The phases indicated the subjects' general responses to surgery and their progression toward increased activity and independence at the time of discharge. In effect, the phases served to define the hospital course of emotional recovery from open heart surgery. The length and onset of these three phases were similar for patients with an uncomplicated recovery but varied with patients who experienced major physiologic difficulties. The implications of a recovery pattern have been discussed relative to nursing care of the cardiac surgical patient and specific recommendations for nursing intervention have been made. Subject areas worthy of further investigation have been enumerated by the investigator in light of the conclusions of the present study. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

1 Military Hospital offers health service to employees of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), South African Army (SAA), South African Air Force (SAAF), South African Navy (SAN), and the South African Military Health Services (SAHMS). Most of the SANDF employees who suffer Thoracic Spinal Cord Injuries (TSCI) are injured during their term of service in the SANDF. Individuals with spinal cord injury experience challenges related to work, family, finances, loss of independence and societal attitudinal barriers (Crewe&Krause, 2002). Some individuals adjust well to these challenges and are able to move forward in a functional and productive manner (Livneh&Antonak, 1997; 1994). This research investigated how certain thoracic spinal cord injured (TSCI) individuals managed to adjust to their rehabilitation process. The research focused on the contribution of positive emotions to the rehabilitation process. Positive psychology focuses attention on the sources of psychological wellness, such as positive emotions and positive experience. It also focuses on individual differences in human strengths and virtues, positive institutions and what makes life worth living (Lyubomirsky&Abbe, 2005). The current study aimed to investigate how fortigenic qualities contribute to positive rehabilitation experiences for individuals with thoracic spinal cord injury. A qualitative design using in-depth, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews was selected to explore the rehabilitation experiences of TSCI individuals. One of the basic tenets of qualitative research is the existence of multiple realities. An individual’s reality is derived from factors such as age, sex, class, ethnicity, abilities and disabilities and the way in which these factors affect life experiences (Hammersley&Atkinson, 1998). A sample of 3 respondents was selected. The respondents were members of the South African National Defence Force. The respondents were males aged between 25 and 40 years old who had been living with disability for two to three years. The TSCI individuals were interviewed to gain a better understanding of their rehabilitation experiences. The ideas that emerged from this research interview conversations were analysed through the use of an interpretive thematic analysis The findings indicate that positive emotional states facilitated positive behavioral practices such as taking initiative and adapting and coping with the challenges that come with the disability. The study demonstrated that participants’ repertoire of positive emotions acts as a remedy for negative emotions. Thus, positive emotional states were shown to influence behavioral repertoires and impact on motivation to improve the self. These factors lead to a drive to rehabilitation. Positive qualities such as gratitude, humour, optimism and resilience impacted on the ways in which the respondents created meaning about life events. This resulted in broader behavioural repertoires that led to more explorative and adaptive behaviours. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Psychology / unrestricted

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of open posterior component separation (PCS) surgery has led to improved outcomes for complex hernias. While the PCS technique has been shown to decrease recurrence rates, and provide a feasible option to repair hernias in nontraditional locations, there is still significant postoperative pain associated with the laparotomy and extensive abdominal wall manipulation. Systemic opioids and thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) are both commonly utilized, either together or independently, as postoperative analgesic regimens. The benefits of TEA have been studied following a variety of surgeries, however to date no study has been performed to investigate its efficacy in this particular surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate the benefits of TEA following open PCS. We hypothesized that the incorporation of TEA in a patients postoperative analgesic regimen would show an advantage in time to bowel recovery. METHODS: An electronic medical record query was done to identify patients who had undergone an open PCS. Once this list was compiled, a retrospective chart review was performed and patients receiving TEA (either alone or combined with systemic opioids) were compared to patients receiving only systemic opioids. The primary endpoint compared time to resumption of a full diet, given by the patients postoperative day (POD). Secondarily, time to resumption of a liquid diet, postoperative length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate, ICU LOS, and rates of several postoperative complications were all recorded and compared. A post-hoc analysis was also performed using the same endpoints. This analysis compared cohorts of patients receiving TEA and avoiding all systemic opioids, to patients who received systemic opioids (whether alone or combined with TEA). RESULTS: Based on inclusion parameters, 101 patients met criteria for analysis. In the initial analysis, 62 patients received TEA with or without systemic opioids, and 39 patients received only systemic opioids. In comparing these groups, there was no statistically significant difference in time to full diet (TEA 2.6 ± 1.7 vs Systemic opioids 3.1 ± 2.1 [mean POD ± SD]; P=0.21). In addition, no differences were found in the secondary outcomes of time to liquid diet, ICU admission, ICU LOS, or postoperative complications. In the post-hoc analysis, the 37 patients that received only TEA, were compared against 64 patients that received systemic opioids (either with or without TEA). In this comparison, the group receiving only TEA was found to have a statically shorter time to bowel recovery compared to patients receiving systemic opioids (TEA alone 2.2 ± 1.0 vs Systemic opioids 3.2 ± 2.2, P=0.0033). This subgroup (TEA only) also showed statically shorter time to liquid diet and a decreased postoperative LOS. CONCLUSION: For patients undergoing an open PCS, the inclusion of TEA in the postoperative analgesic regimen did not shorten return of bowel function. However, when TEA was utilized and systemic opioids were avoided, time to bowel recovery and hospital LOS were both significantly shortened.

In the Republic of South Africa, an autopsy is required in all cases of unnatural death, or in cases where the cause of death is unknown in terms of the Inquest Act of 1959. These are performed at the Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory by Forensic Pathologists and Registrars of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the University of Cape Town. The Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory serves the greater Cape Town area with a population of approximately 2,5 million, including the magisterial districts of Cape Town, Wynberg, Mitchell's Plain and Simonstown. Cape Town has one of the world's highest homicide rates and in 1986 the incidence was 56, 91 100000 population per annum. In contrast, Singapore has a homicide rate of only 2, 5/100 000, while the United States has an overall homicide rate of 7,7/ 100 000 population. In order to document the true impact of penetrating chest injuries, and to place mortality data in perspective, a retrospective descriptive study of all cases with fatal penetrating chest injuries admitted to the Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory in Cape Town during 1990 was undertaken. In 1990, a total of 5 758 cases was admitted to the Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory of which 1834 cases (39%) were the result of homicide. Of the homicide cases, 408 (22%) were the result of firearm injuries. A total of 2044 (35, 5%) cases admitted was deemed to have died of natural causes. This study identified a total of 841 cases of fatal penetrating injuries of the chest admitted during 1990, which constituted 22,6% of all non-natural cases admitted.

Shoulder impingement is the most common cause of shoulder pain. It is often described as mechanical irritation of the tendons of the rotator cuff or long head of the biceps due to compression against either the structures of the subacromial arch or the glenoid and glenoid labrum. Various treatment options exist to address impingement, and recent studies suggest thoracic spine manipulation may be a useful option. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in range of motion (ROM), pain and shoulder function both immediately post- and 7 to 10 days after receiving thoracic spine manipulations. We also attempted to identify changes in scapular kinematics and shoulder muscle activity associated with thoracic spine manipulation in subjects with shoulder impingement. Thirty subjects between the ages of 18 and 45 with signs of shoulder impingement participated in this repeated measures study. All subjects received both a mid-thoracic spine and a cervicothoracic junction manipulation. Changes in pain were assessed using an 11 point numeric pain rating scale. Subjects reported pain with performance of provocative testing (Jobes Empty Can, Hawkins-Kennedy and Neer's tests for impingement) as well as with performance of cervical rotation, thoracic spine flexion and extension and weighted humeral elevation. Shoulder elevation force production pre- and post- manipulation was assessed using hand-held dynamometry. Additionally, subjects completed the Penn Shoulder Score (PSS) and the Sports and Performing Arts Module of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire to assess shoulder pain and function 7 to 10 days post thoracic spine manipulation. Electromagnetic sensors tracked three-dimensional scapular and clavicular kinematics as well as cervical, thoracic and humerothoracic ROM. Surface electromyography data were collected from the infraspinatus, serratus anterior, and the upper, middle and lower trapezius muscles with loaded humerothoracic elevation. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare scapular orientation and muscle activity at 30, 60, 90 ad 120 degrees of humerothoracic elevation before and after spinal manipulation. Paired t - tests revealed significant decreases in pain [(Jobes 2.6 ± 1.1, Neer's 2.6 ± 1.3, Hawkins-Kennedy 2.8 ± 1.3; p<0.001 for all three tests) (weighted shoulder elevation 2.0 ± 1.5, p<0.001; cervical rotation 0.4 ± .9, p=0.039)] as well as improvements in shoulder function (Force production 5.5±3.1, PSS 7.7 ± 9.4 and DASH 16.4 ± 13.2; p<0.001 for each). No significant changes in any of the ROM assessments were observed. No changes in scapular or clavicular kinematics were observed, with the exception of small decrease in scapular upward rotation (p = .04). A small but significant increase in middle trapezius activity (p = .03) was detected; however, no other significant differences in muscle activity were observed following manipulation. Moreover, paired t-tests revealed no significant differences in muscle onset times after manipulation. The findings of this study indicate that thoracic spine manipulation may be an effective intervention to treat pain associated with shoulder impingement; however, the improvements associated with thoracic spine manipulation are not likely explained by changes in scapular kinematics or shoulder muscle activity. Thoracic spine manipulation did not substantially alter scapular kinematics or motor control at the shoulder. / Physical Therapy

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Injuries to the chest together with damage to the chest organs are among the most frequent injuries in common life. These traumas are often combined with another injury, or they are classified as polytraumas. Care for such patients is provided mainly by trauma centres due to the necessary complex, multi-stage treatment. In the event of an injury to the chest, the chest wall or internal organs in the ribcage may also be injured. These include especially the heart, lungs, main blood vessels, bronchi and throat. A chest injury may endanger the client?s life due to an immediate or potential risk of cardiopulmonary failure. The mechanisms of injury include contusion, compression and deceleration. Injuries may be isolated, multiple or classified as polytraumas. Treatment may be conservative as well as surgical. In most cases, the injuries are non-penetrating. Injuries may be caused by direct force (for example collision with a steering wheel, collision with the ground during a fall, a received blow) or indirect force (deceleration). Chest drainage is an often applied solution. During this medical operation, the drain is inserted into the pleural sac to remove pathologic content. This diploma thesis has been elaborated using the questionnaire method. Data were collected in selected trauma centres of the Czech Republic. 182 questionnaires were processed. Results of the research are processed in the form of graphs and contingency tables. Three hypotheses were defined to achieve the objectives. Hypothesis 1: Nurses have knowledge of the principles of care for patients with active chest breathing. Hypothesis 2: Nurses have knowledge of the principles of care for patients with passive chest breathing. Hypothesis 3: Nurses cooperate with rehabilitation therapists. We have managed to confirm all the hypotheses in our research investigation and thus meet the defined objectives. The research shows that nurses have knowledge of the principles of care for patients with active and passive chest breathing, and that they cooperate with physiotherapists. A nursing standard was created for nurses who focus on patients with applied chest drainage. This thesis may also serve as study material.

Student Number : 0216607K - MSc research report - School of Physiotherapy - Faculty of Health Sciences / Thoracic mobilisation is a popular modality employed by physiotherapists as part of the management of neck pain, despite the lack of evidence as to its benefits. A randomised control trial was conducted to compare manual physiotherapy to the cervical and thoracic regions and manual therapy to the cervical spine alone for the treatment of neck pain. The Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess anxiety change due to the intervention. The Memorial Pain Assessment Card (MPAC) was used to assess pain change through the intervention. A treatment effects questionnaire (TAQ) was constructed to assess other effects of the treatment protocols. Results showed no difference between the groups for anxiety reduction, although within the groups there was a highly significant reduction in anxiety (p<0.0001). Pain reduction was marginally significantly reduced in the experimental group in comparison to the control group (p=0.08) although the CI was very broad. Within group tests for the MPAC showed a highly significant reduction in pain from either intervention (p<0.0001).