Productivity improvement within the construction industry has addressed issues that are predominantly associated with activities and tasks on construction sites, and less so in the office work. The lack of an understanding of the proportion of productive time during working hours for designers, as well as the measurement method forms a significant gap in the knowledge of the design process. Productivity management cycle comprised of 4 phases: measurement; evaluation; planning; and improvement. Therefore, measurement becomes essential in productivity improvement. This study identifies the lack of defined duration for design task and measurement of design activity time as an essential gap in the productivity knowledge that relates to designers.

Many factors such as unforeseeable events, managerial or financial problems of Contractor, insufficient technical capacity of Engineer&#039 / s site team and so on may lead to delays in construction projects. Proper analysis of compensability and quantum of a delay event is very important. Any delay analysis application can be considered as a result of the combination of contract documents, scheduler, record keeping mechanism at site, communication among project participants, delay analyst and delay analysis methodology. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the shortcomings frequently encountered in implementation of delay analysis applications and propose an integrated solution which synthesizes the solution methods for each. For this purpose seventeen (17) shortcomings were identified and solution methods were suggested for each. Moreover, these shortcomings were attributed to the previously identified elements of delay analysis applications such as contract documents, scheduler etc. Furthermore, an integrated approach is developed which synthesizes the suggested solution methods at different stages of delay analysis applications in order to obtain accurate and reliable results. In order to test the validity of the proposed integrated approach on a real project, a resource and cost loaded construction schedule with approximately four thousand (4000) activities is created by using Primavera software which is currently being used to monitor &quot / Construction of One Reception Center and One Removal Center Project in Erzurum&quot / . In the case study, the necessary events are created in order to be able to compare the results of the proposed integrated approach and the likely result of erroneous delay analysis applications. It was apparently figured out that the proposed integrated approach has yielded accurate and reliable results and a comparison table was prepared showing the difference between the results of the proposed integrated approach and the likely result of an erroneous application.

Within the construction industry, proximity of actual to scheduled completion time is a primary performance measure, and deviations from planned schedules remain a popular concern in the field of construction management. Prevailing research assumes that delays arise either from flawed execution of the plan or from failure to plan effectively. Thus, solutions suggested include improving execution and developing ever more sophisticated planning techniques. In spite of these efforts, accuracy in scheduling construction projects has shown little or no improvement, and clients continue to incur the significant costs associated with the failure to more accurately plan. Eschewing this traditional techno-rational view, the current research turned to critical management studies for solutions and investigated planning intentionality, the intentional and unintentional roles planners play in project delays. Thus, it sought to explore the following with respect to the project planner role: optimism bias, where a planner unintentionally mitigates negative information in decision-making; strategic misrepresentation, where a planner intentionally mitigates negative information; and group dynamics in time estimation. The latter is relevant because a team rather than an individual typically embodies the planner function within a construction project. To perform this research, two mixed-methods studies, preceded by a pilot study, and seven interviews with project planners were conducted. The first mixed-methods study investigated how intended and unintended actions of participants affected underestimation of time during task performance; and the second investigated the creation of collective intentionality, the transmutation of individual preferences into a group consensus in time estimation. Results of the first mixed-methods study identified the key situational variables differentiating intended and unintended actions of planners and indicated how these can influence the quality of time estimation. Results of the second study showed that group performance in time estimation was inferior to that of individuals and that group member interaction appeared detrimental to good decision-making. Reasons found were sense of power, commitment, confidence level, cultural diversity, conflicts, and groupthink. The findings were compared and contrasted with those obtained from interviews with project planners to enhance the scope of the study.

Cette thèse vise à mettre à l'épreuve les apports théoriques, dans un regard psycho-dynamique à partir d'un ancrage clinique et projectif, afin de comprendre le délicat tissage entre inscription temporelle et processus dans un travail d’articulation ; que propose le questionnement sur la perception des trois temps (passé, présent et futur), et de la spécificité d’inscription dans une situation non-figuratif au test du Rorschach, ainsi que processus d’enregistrement le récit au test du TAT. Si le caractère discontinu des évènements s'avère non structurant chez le déprimé anxieux, sur fond de la non continuité et de défaut de la permanence garanti par une relation objectale, à l'autre insuffisamment étayant, dont le psychisme se décompose dans la dépression anxieuse, revivre le passé et l'attente emporte souvent le sujet dans un abîme d'angoisse dans lequel il se perd. Ne pouvant plus s’ancrer dans le présent dans un mouvement d’élaboration et de symbolisation psychique, et, en miroir, engouffrant tout possible pour l'avenir, le sujet dit « déprimé anxieux » se retrouverait, paradoxalement, enfermé dans une impasse temporelle, se figure dans un spirale temporelle barré, sans écart qui potentialise son investissement pulsionnel, narcissique et objectal. / This thesis aims to test theoretical contributions in a psycho-dynamic look from a projective clinical anchorage and to understand the delicate weaving between time registration and work processes in a joint; proposed questioning the perception of the three times (past, present and future), and specific registration in a non-representational situation in the Rorschach test and the account registration process to test the TAT. If the discontinuous nature of the events proves not structured in anxious depressed, amid the non continuity and lack of permanence secured by a object relation, to the other supporting insufficiently whose psyche decomposes in anxious depression , relive the past and expectation often takes the subject into a abyss of anguish in which he loses. No longer able to anchor in this development in a movement and psychic symbolization, and, mirror, engulfing everything possible for the future, the subject says "anxious depressed" would end up, paradoxically, locked in a dead time if contained in a temporal barred spiral without gap which potentiates its instinctual investment, and object-narcissistic.