This graduation theses is focused on attitudes of people to tissues and organs transplantations. It is composed of two parts, the first one is theoretical, the other practical. The theoretical part is engaged in the topic of transplantation. It shortly and concisely describes the transplantation from the medical standpoint, then further the general history of transplantations. It mainly focuses on the transplantations from the standpoint of our actual legislation, especially of the Transplantation Act. It also concisely introduces the transplantation legislative in selected countries as well as the transplantations from the standpoint of ethics. In the practical part I used the method of the quantitative research, performed with the help of questionnaires. The data were collected through an anonymous questionnaire. The aim of my work was to show the public awareness of the transplantations and attitudes of people towards the given topic. My research encompasses a description of methodology, an examined sample, outcomes and a discussion about the outcomes. The questionnaire was determined to the Czech citizens of various ages and types of education. Only the lower limit was cut down to the age of eighteen years. Respondents were partly enlisted by the direct questioning, according to their will to cooperate and some of them were enlisted for a consideration of their individual interest through the server vyplnto.cz. The final research sample was made by 526 respondents. There was a preliminary research made with 10 respondents before the actual research to find out if the questions were intelligible. There were two hypotheses set in terms of the research. The first hypotheses claims that the citizens agree to donation of their tissues and organs for their relatives. If I took into account only one particular question investigating the possible agreement to donating tissues or organs for a relative to save her/his life, I couldn´t reject this hypotheses, because the majority of respondents claimed they would donate a tissue or an organ, but this hypotheses was statistically tested through the test of good consensus. This test considers more questions related to a hypotheses. After this test I came to a conclusion that this hypotheses could be rejected, so it is not true that people agree to their donation of tissues and organs to their close persons. The other hypotheses claims that people do not know the principle of presumption of agreement or supposed agreement related to the post-mortem organs and tissues removals. The results of this work show the incomplete knowledge of the Czech citizens related to the topic of transplantations. It is mainly illustrated by the fact that more than one half of respondents never heard about our Transplantation Act and almost 80 % of people think that the public is not well informed. Almost one half of respondents never heard about the principle of supposed agreement, nevertheless the most of them agree to the fact that their organs and tissues should be used for transplantations in case of their sudden death. The results of my graduation hypotheses show the need of better education related to the transplantations. The education should come in various ways. As the most effective I consider the education through the media, furthermore the education in form of leaflets, information brochures and advertisement spots. There should be paper brochures available in medical institutions and seminars and trainings organized for general public. If the age should be taken into account, it would be the best to start the education in the secondary schools.

A glutationa S-transferase (GST) tem a capacidade de conferir resistência do tipo não-alvo aos efeitos danosos de certos herbicidas em várias culturas, principalmente gramíneas. Entretanto, o papel das GSTs em relação aos herbicidas em cana-de-açúcar é desconhecido, e tal elucidação poderia auxiliar na redução de perdas de produtividade e/ou aumento na eficiência de produção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar as diversas classes de GST de cana-de-açúcar por análise filogenética e padrão de expressão por amplificação quantitativa de transcritos reversos (RT-qPCR). Foi realizada no banco de dados de Saccharum Gene Index a busca completa das seqüências codificadoras de GST referentes às classes Phi, Tau, Theta e Zeta, baseando-se nos 61 genes de GST de arroz; estas foram traduzidas e empregadas em análise filogenética. Foram identificados 18 agrupamentos de ESTs codificando GSTs, totalizando 355 transcritos das 255.635 seqüências disponíveis no banco de dados. A análise filogenética identificou 7 agrupamentos como pertencentes à classe Phi (denominados ScGSTF), 7 como Tau (ScGSTU), 1 como Theta (ScGSTT), e 3 como Zeta (ScGSTZ); respectivamente. As classes Phi e Tau, consideradas planta-específica, foram as mais representativas em termos de número de agrupamentos de ESTs em relação à Theta e Zeta (mamífero-específica). Os 18 agrupamentos de cana-de-açúcar equivalem aos genes mais expressos em termos de número de ESTs individuais em arroz. Foram extraídos RNA de diversos tecidos/órgãos, e de tecido foliar das cultivares \'SP87-365\' e \'SP80-3280\' coletados a 0 e 48 h após tratamento com herbicidas, seguida da síntese de cDNA e RT-qPCR. O gene da proteína ribossômica rpl35-4 foi determinado como referência nas análises de expressão. A expressão nos tecidos/órgãos mostraram que os genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTU8 e ScGSTU13 foram menos expressos no colmo, inflorescência, meristema e raiz em relação ao limbo foliar; ScGSTF4, ScGSTF6, ScGSTF14 e ScGSTF15 foram mais expressos no colmo; ScGSTF5, ScGSTU1, ScGSTU17, ScGSTU31, ScGSTU39 e ScGSTT1 na inflorescência; e ScGSTZ1 foi único mais expresso no meristema. De forma geral, todas as classes tiveram expressão detectada nos tecidos, mas os genes da Phi e Tau foram os mais expressos. Os genes da classe Phi foram mais expressos no colmo em relação aos demais; os da classe Tau e Theta na inflorescência; e os da Zeta no meristema. A validação a 0 h determinou que os genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU8, ScGSTU13 e ScGSTU17 foram os mais expressos na cultivar \'SP80-3280\' em relação à \'SP87-365\'. As evidentes diferenças na expressão basal entre as cultivares foram dos genes das classes Phi e Tau. Com relação à expressão das GSTs 48 h após aplicação dos herbicidas, foi observado que a aplicação de Ametryn ou Diuron, os genes de GST foram induzidos, enquanto foram reprimidos com Imazapic ou Isoxaflutole. Os genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU13 e ScGSTU17 foram os mais expressos nas cultivares tratadas com os herbicidas; e foram considerados possíveis candidatos a associação em resposta a desintoxicação desses herbicidas. O Southern blot determinou que o maior número de cópias de GST em cana-de-açúcar foi os pertencentes às classes Phi e Tau, sendo nas classes Zeta e Theta, menos freqüentes / Glutathione S-transferase (GST) has the ability to confer non-target tolerance to damaging effects of certain herbicides in various crops, especially grasses. However, the role of GSTs in relation to herbicide tolerance in sugarcane s is unknown, and its elucidation could help in reducing yield losses and/or increase in production efficiency. The objective of this work was to characterize the various classes of sugarcane GSTs by phylogenetic analyses and expression profile using RTqPCR. A complete search at the Saccharum Gene Index database was conducted for sequences encoding GSTs from the classes Phi, Tau, Theta and Zeta, based on 61 rice GST genes; the conceptually translated sequences were used in the phylogenetic analyses. Eighteen EST clusters encoding GSTs were identified, in a total of 355 transcripts out of the 255,635 available sequences at the database. Phylogenetic analysis identified 7 groups as belonging to Phi class (denominated ScGSTF), 7 as Tau (ScGSTU), one as Theta (ScGSTT), and 3 as Zeta (ScGSTZ); respectively. The Phi and Tau classes, considered plant-specific, were the most frequent in terms of number of EST clusters in comparison to Theta and Zeta (mammal-specific). The 18 groups of sugarcane ESTs were equivalent to the mostly expressed ortologues in rice. Total RNA from various tissues and organs, and from leaves from cultivars \'SP87-365\' and \'SP80-3280\', collected at 0 and e 48 h after treatment with herbicides were obtained and converted into cDNA, and analyzed by RT-qPCR. The transcript of the ribosomal protein rpl35-4 was established as gene reference for the RT-qPCR analyses. The analyses of expression in tissues/organs demonstrated that the genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTU8 and ScGSTU13 were less expressed in stem, inflorescence, meristem and roots in relation to leaf blades; ScGSTF4, ScGSTF6, ScGSTF14 and ScGSTF15 were more expressed in stems; ScGSTF5, ScGSTU1, ScGSTU17, ScGSTU31, ScGSTU39 and ScGSTT1 in the inflorescence; and ScGSTZ1 was the only more expressed in the meristem. In general, all classes had gene member expression detected in the tissues, but the genes from Phi and Tau were the most expressed. The genes from class Phi were more expressed in the stem in comparison to the others; genes from classes Tau and Theta were more expressed in the inflorescence; and the ones from Zeta in meristem. Gene expression validation at 0 or 48 h after treatment with herbicides determined that ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU8, ScGSTU13 and ScGSTU17 were more expressed in cultivar \'SP80-3280\' than \'SP87-365\'. The more evident differences in basal expression between cultivars were for genes from classes Phi and Tau. In response to herbicides treatment, GSTs expression was higher in response to Ametryn or Diuron in comparison to Imazapic or Isoxaflutole. Genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU13 and ScGSTU17 displayed more difference in expression at 48 h between cultivars, and might be associated with differences in herbicide detoxification. Southern blot analyses determined that a larger number of GST gene copies in sugarcane from classes Phi and Tau, with less copies from classes Zeta and Theta

A glutationa S-transferase (GST) tem a capacidade de conferir resistência do tipo não-alvo aos efeitos danosos de certos herbicidas em várias culturas, principalmente gramíneas. Entretanto, o papel das GSTs em relação aos herbicidas em cana-de-açúcar é desconhecido, e tal elucidação poderia auxiliar na redução de perdas de produtividade e/ou aumento na eficiência de produção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar as diversas classes de GST de cana-de-açúcar por análise filogenética e padrão de expressão por amplificação quantitativa de transcritos reversos (RT-qPCR). Foi realizada no banco de dados de Saccharum Gene Index a busca completa das seqüências codificadoras de GST referentes às classes Phi, Tau, Theta e Zeta, baseando-se nos 61 genes de GST de arroz; estas foram traduzidas e empregadas em análise filogenética. Foram identificados 18 agrupamentos de ESTs codificando GSTs, totalizando 355 transcritos das 255.635 seqüências disponíveis no banco de dados. A análise filogenética identificou 7 agrupamentos como pertencentes à classe Phi (denominados ScGSTF), 7 como Tau (ScGSTU), 1 como Theta (ScGSTT), e 3 como Zeta (ScGSTZ); respectivamente. As classes Phi e Tau, consideradas planta-específica, foram as mais representativas em termos de número de agrupamentos de ESTs em relação à Theta e Zeta (mamífero-específica). Os 18 agrupamentos de cana-de-açúcar equivalem aos genes mais expressos em termos de número de ESTs individuais em arroz. Foram extraídos RNA de diversos tecidos/órgãos, e de tecido foliar das cultivares \'SP87-365\' e \'SP80-3280\' coletados a 0 e 48 h após tratamento com herbicidas, seguida da síntese de cDNA e RT-qPCR. O gene da proteína ribossômica rpl35-4 foi determinado como referência nas análises de expressão. A expressão nos tecidos/órgãos mostraram que os genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTU8 e ScGSTU13 foram menos expressos no colmo, inflorescência, meristema e raiz em relação ao limbo foliar; ScGSTF4, ScGSTF6, ScGSTF14 e ScGSTF15 foram mais expressos no colmo; ScGSTF5, ScGSTU1, ScGSTU17, ScGSTU31, ScGSTU39 e ScGSTT1 na inflorescência; e ScGSTZ1 foi único mais expresso no meristema. De forma geral, todas as classes tiveram expressão detectada nos tecidos, mas os genes da Phi e Tau foram os mais expressos. Os genes da classe Phi foram mais expressos no colmo em relação aos demais; os da classe Tau e Theta na inflorescência; e os da Zeta no meristema. A validação a 0 h determinou que os genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU8, ScGSTU13 e ScGSTU17 foram os mais expressos na cultivar \'SP80-3280\' em relação à \'SP87-365\'. As evidentes diferenças na expressão basal entre as cultivares foram dos genes das classes Phi e Tau. Com relação à expressão das GSTs 48 h após aplicação dos herbicidas, foi observado que a aplicação de Ametryn ou Diuron, os genes de GST foram induzidos, enquanto foram reprimidos com Imazapic ou Isoxaflutole. Os genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU13 e ScGSTU17 foram os mais expressos nas cultivares tratadas com os herbicidas; e foram considerados possíveis candidatos a associação em resposta a desintoxicação desses herbicidas. O Southern blot determinou que o maior número de cópias de GST em cana-de-açúcar foi os pertencentes às classes Phi e Tau, sendo nas classes Zeta e Theta, menos freqüentes / Glutathione S-transferase (GST) has the ability to confer non-target tolerance to damaging effects of certain herbicides in various crops, especially grasses. However, the role of GSTs in relation to herbicide tolerance in sugarcane s is unknown, and its elucidation could help in reducing yield losses and/or increase in production efficiency. The objective of this work was to characterize the various classes of sugarcane GSTs by phylogenetic analyses and expression profile using RTqPCR. A complete search at the Saccharum Gene Index database was conducted for sequences encoding GSTs from the classes Phi, Tau, Theta and Zeta, based on 61 rice GST genes; the conceptually translated sequences were used in the phylogenetic analyses. Eighteen EST clusters encoding GSTs were identified, in a total of 355 transcripts out of the 255,635 available sequences at the database. Phylogenetic analysis identified 7 groups as belonging to Phi class (denominated ScGSTF), 7 as Tau (ScGSTU), one as Theta (ScGSTT), and 3 as Zeta (ScGSTZ); respectively. The Phi and Tau classes, considered plant-specific, were the most frequent in terms of number of EST clusters in comparison to Theta and Zeta (mammal-specific). The 18 groups of sugarcane ESTs were equivalent to the mostly expressed ortologues in rice. Total RNA from various tissues and organs, and from leaves from cultivars \'SP87-365\' and \'SP80-3280\', collected at 0 and e 48 h after treatment with herbicides were obtained and converted into cDNA, and analyzed by RT-qPCR. The transcript of the ribosomal protein rpl35-4 was established as gene reference for the RT-qPCR analyses. The analyses of expression in tissues/organs demonstrated that the genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTU8 and ScGSTU13 were less expressed in stem, inflorescence, meristem and roots in relation to leaf blades; ScGSTF4, ScGSTF6, ScGSTF14 and ScGSTF15 were more expressed in stems; ScGSTF5, ScGSTU1, ScGSTU17, ScGSTU31, ScGSTU39 and ScGSTT1 in the inflorescence; and ScGSTZ1 was the only more expressed in the meristem. In general, all classes had gene member expression detected in the tissues, but the genes from Phi and Tau were the most expressed. The genes from class Phi were more expressed in the stem in comparison to the others; genes from classes Tau and Theta were more expressed in the inflorescence; and the ones from Zeta in meristem. Gene expression validation at 0 or 48 h after treatment with herbicides determined that ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU8, ScGSTU13 and ScGSTU17 were more expressed in cultivar \'SP80-3280\' than \'SP87-365\'. The more evident differences in basal expression between cultivars were for genes from classes Phi and Tau. In response to herbicides treatment, GSTs expression was higher in response to Ametryn or Diuron in comparison to Imazapic or Isoxaflutole. Genes ScGSTF3, ScGSTF4, ScGSTU13 and ScGSTU17 displayed more difference in expression at 48 h between cultivars, and might be associated with differences in herbicide detoxification. Southern blot analyses determined that a larger number of GST gene copies in sugarcane from classes Phi and Tau, with less copies from classes Zeta and Theta