Youth tobacco use is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies show that there is an association between exposure to anti-smoking advertising and youth smoking prevalence. Anti-smoking advertising can be used as an important tobacco control measure to prevent youth smoking. The objectives of this review mainly focus on evaluating the effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking, analyzing the influential factors that may affect the effectiveness. 4 main databases, PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus and Google Scholar were included for literature searching, as well as the reference lists, and 483 related articles were found initially. After restricted by the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were included for analysis ultimately. According to this review, the influential factors included the exposure rate, sponsor, promotion approaches and the theme of anti-smoking advertising. Those factors have significant effects on youth’s smoking behavior and smoking prevalence. Non-tobacco industry sponsored, high exposure rate, the theme of negative life circumstance and using humor as a vehicle to deliver anti-smoking messages can be effective in reducing the smoking rate among youth. However, the methods used in the included articles were uneven, and the mechanism of the anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking is still unclear, further research should be conducted. The results of this review can still have some instructions to policy-makers on formulating tobacco control measures in the future, especially the anti-smoking program. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-85). / ix, 85 leaves, bound ill., forms 29 cm

The study refers to the issue of cross-cultural transfer of internationally initiated health promotion and tobacco control policies. It explores the process of cross-cultural policy transfer, analyses the difficulties, proposes methods to overcome them, and tests the approach in Bulgaria. Generally focused on international health promotion policies as a broad area of study, the work particularly concentrates on tobacco control policies as a more concrete and specific subject of investigation. Completion of a short piece of cross-national comparative policy transfer research, based on two case studies - the UK as a donor of policy and Bulgaria as a recipient location - is used to assist designing an empirical investigation that develops and tests an approach for strengthening the process of cross-cultural transfer. The Hofstede Model of National Cultures is used as a guiding tool to describe and classify the different cultures of the two countries, and to assess the cultural constraints and possibilities for transfer. The results confirm the hypothesis that through contextual interpretation of international health promotion policy language, and its specification to the cultural patterns of Bulgaria, we can increase the acceptability and assure greater effectiveness in communicating those health promotion messages. The findings indicate the need for culturally specific language interpretation and adaptation of global policies if they are to become understandable and applicable to specific cultural contexts. They help to address the question: "How can the main concepts and issues inherent in western developed health promotion policies be translated into the language of countries having different cultural patterns?" The main theme of this research has not been explored so far in Bulgaria and it is also a rather new topic for international policy research. The findings might assist the process of improving cross-cultural policy formulation and help to overcome the difficulties in cross-cultural policy transfer. The study takes into account the dynamic developments within Bulgaria as it prepares for European integration as a pre-Accession country; and its findings could assist in negotiations within public health policy. The work could also have some major applications on a wider policy basis. It might also be of particular importance for countries not in the western group within Europe and which are socio-culturally different. Some implications can also be considered for the process of accession to the EU. The Union is now expanding and is challenged by great cultural diversity, both across Europe and within the individual states. Accession countries like Bulgaria have to adapt now to international and European policies and principles, which cannot be directly translated into the language of many countries. The methodology developed here should assist the adaptation of international policy items into a language that is culturally specific for the country and the sub-national levels, and thus improve the implementation of European policies in particular localities.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether an educational tobacco intervention impacted college students' perceptions relative to tobacco, self-efficacy, and perceived stress levels. The Health Belief Model (HBM) provided a theoretical framework to distinguish differences relative to tobacco between groups. Both the control (N=155) and intervention (N=184) group consisted of a convenience sample of students from a 2000-level health course. A pre- and post-test questionnaire was administered to both groups which included questions regarding demographics, tobacco use, HBM, self-efficacy, and perceived stress. Data analysis included frequency counts, confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and two-way ANOVA. Two-way ANOVA results indicated statistically significant differences for the Health Belief Model questions (p=0.002) and self-efficacy items (p=0.03). No statistical significance was found regarding perceived stress. These findings provide evidence an educational tobacco intervention administered at the college level can have a significant impact on students. / by Kelley E. Rhoads. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

The problem of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to assess the tobacco control advocacy knowledge level of high school students enrolled in the Busting Big Tobacco (BBT) program. The steps taken to examine this problem include: created a table of specifications, created the initial instrument, selected a jury of experts, a qualitative assessment by jurors, created the revised instrument, a quantitative review by jurors, revised the instrument, conducted a modified pilot test of the instrument using university students, and created the final 23 item instrument.The final instrument was administered to a group of Missouri high school students on two separate occasions a week apart. Out of the total 77 students that participated, 28 instruments were matched for data analysis. Two instrument items fell below a significant content validity ratio of .62. The mean item difficulty for the first and second administration of the final instrument was .53 and .49 respectively. The test-retest reliability was .6756 and the internal consistency reliability. 5696 for the first administration and .4815 for the second. Recommendations included: improving the confidentiality code, restructuring items into subscales, and give to BBT participants. / Department of Physiology and Health Science

Cancer is devastating. Medical advances have resulted in the ability to diagnose cancer at its earliest stages and increase survivorship. Unfortunately, Black Americans possess a disproportionate cancer burden, with the highest mortality and lowest survival rate of any racial/ethnic group. Lung cancer is the most deadly, yet most treatable cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact that the healthcare education program had on healthcare students’ level of cultural development and awareness of disparities regarding Black Americans and tobacco cessation. In light of the data substantiating that health disparities stem from a combination of racial and ethnic inequities in the access of the healthcare system, healthcare professionals’ low levels of cultural development, and the missed opportunities for promoting Black American tobacco cessation, the following questions were developed to frame the research: Research Question #1: How will the level of healthcare students’ cultural development change as a result of a healthcare education program? This question corresponds to the following hypotheses being tested in this study: Methods to answer this question included evaluation of findings from 1) comparison of pre and post-program Inventory for Assessing the Process of Cultural Competence Among Healthcare Professionals – Revised (IAPCC-R) mean scores by degree of study and by gender; and 3) comparison of pre and post-program Tobacco Cessation Assessment (TCA) mean scores by degree of study and by gender. Research Question #2: What is the relationship between cultural competence and increased awareness of disparities regarding Black Americans and tobacco cessation? Methods utilized to answer this question included evaluation of findings from comparison of results of knowledge gains in TCA vs. IAPCC-R mean scores, including using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient to determine existence and strength of the relationship. Findings were 1) level of cultural development increased; 2) awareness of disparities regarding Black Americans and tobacco cessation increased; and 3) weak, but statistically significant relationship between higher level of cultural development and increased awareness of disparities regarding Black Americans and tobacco cessation. This study could serve as a model for future partnerships with researchers, faculty, and healthcare professionals, linking pre-profession preparation with continuing professional education. / Department of Educational Studies

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing