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Social capital and waterpipe smoking in a South African university.Desai, Rachana 17 July 2014 (has links)
Waterpipe smoking (WPS) is a global epidemic. The prevalence of WPS threatens to surpass
cigarette smoking in certain parts of the world. Although current WPS interventions have had
some effect in creating awareness of the dangers of WPS, these interventions alone have not
succeeded in reducing WPS among university students, despite them knowing the harmful
effects of WPS. Since WPS is seen to be a social event, a more holistic perspective of
reducing WPS through linking health psychology with social factors encountered such as
emphasizing the influences of the collective group and social connections on individual
smoking behavior. Thus, social capital is a useful concept, which focuses our attention on an
important set of resources inherent in relationships, networks, associations and their norms;
all of which have been given insufficient priority in the health literature. The aim of this
research was to examine what cognitive and structural bonding social capital factors
contributed towards the understanding of WPS behaviors. Thus, this study explored three
questions: How has exposure to previous WPS campaigns and/ or interventions influenced
participants behavior towards WPS? What was the association between structural factors of
WPS and bonding social capital among university students in relation to WPS? What was the
association between cognitive factors of WPS and bonding social capital among university
students in relation to WPS? A qualitative evaluation using three focus group interviews were
used to answer the questions. The study design followed an abductive approach. The data was
analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results from the study suggested that even though
there have been numerous health interventions to reduce WPS, such as education in schools,
posters at the university and TV documentaries, people continue to smoke the waterpipe,
despite knowledge of the dangers of WPS smoking. Instead, participants attributed their
frequent smoking behavior to groups collectively influencing each other to smoke. Factors of
hygiene, homogenous group composition (in terms of race, age and/ or education) and the
type of organizational setting (familiar vs. unfamiliar), played a role in the way social
relations and interactions influence permeability and mobility of WPS groups, reinforcing
structural bonding social capital. Factors of cognitive bonding social capital were also
highlighted, where prior contact and gender played a role in setting out conditions of
exclusion. Cognitive bonding social capital, along with the structural aspects, is a useful way
to understand how these connections may be linked to population health, especially in WPS.
Thus, health promoters need to invest more energy into developing programs and policies
that take into consideration the social dimensions within the broader context of the university,
which social capital may have to offer, contributing to a more critical approach to health
psychology when designing interventions and cessation programs.
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An evaluation of the factors affecting consumer resistance to innovation diffusion of e-cigarettes among South African university studentsJohnson, Nastasje January 2016 (has links)
Submitted in full fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF COMMERCE
(Marketing)
at the
UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND
2015 / With an increase in the concern over the harmful effects of smoking traditional tobacco cigarettes, there has been an increase in the use of a smoking alternative considered to be a healthier option, namely the e-cigarette. Thus, it is of interest to understand certain factors surrounding the novelty, and this research has been conducted in terms of evaluating the predictors of the diffusion of innovations on consumer resistance towards the e-cigarette among South African university students, with the primary purpose being to research a gap in the South African e-cigarette market, and to utilise the results to better understand the overall market. The gap in prior research has been identified as what appears to be a lack of information regarding the South African e-cigarette market, and in particular, the predictors of consumer resistance, including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability, and perceived risk. The study undertook a quantitative methodology in which 400 students from the University of the Witwatersrand were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and AMOS for structural equation modelling. The results indicate that three of the six hypotheses are supported. Thus, indicating that marketers should focus on applying relative advantage, complexity, and perceived risk to marketing strategies. This study contributes to existing literature and contextual knowledge regarding consumer resistance and the diffusion of innovation. The results further provide marketing practitioners with a better understanding on how to limit consumer resistance and how to improve product diffusion of the e-cigarette, subsequently improving the rate of adoption. However, future research is necessary for corroboration. / MT2017
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Stage-of-change of smoking acquisition in South African high-school adolescents : a cross-sectional study of decisional balance, temptation and perceived social norms.Burnard, Andrew James. January 2004 (has links)
This study aimed to use the Transtheoretical Model of behaviour change (Prochaska and DiClemente, 1983) to investigate the process of smoking initiation in a cross-section of high school adolescents in urban KwaZulu-Natal. This aim was informed by the increase in incidence of smoking among adolescents, who represent a particularly vulnerable population to smoking (Orlandi and Dalton, 1998). The Transtheoretical Model has proved successful in changing problem health behaviours (prochaska and DiClemente, 1983) and lends itself to be a suitable framework for investigating smoking acquisition in adolescents (Werch and DiClemente, 1994). An extensive review of the causes and correlates of smoking uptake and past intervention evaluations suggests that the core constructs of the TTM (Decisional Balance, Temptation and Stage of Acquisition) can be complemented by other another variable, Perceived Social Norms (informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975, as cited in Pitts, 1996), to provide a more holistic explanation of smoking acquisition. Alcohol use, parental smoking and certain demographic factors are also found to be salient factors in this process. Findings showed that the perceived cons of smoking were constant across stages and seemed to have no effect on stage membership. Stage differences were explained almost entirely in terms of pros, which increased drastically with later stages. Perceived social norms increased with a later stage, confirming a tentative theoretical relationship between the Transtheoretical Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour. Lack of expressed intention to smoke by participants questions the validity of using the rational decision-making Transtheoretical Model to investigate a process not informed by decision-making. European language speakers were found to be a particularly vulnerable group to smoking, while African language speaking girls show very low rates of smoking. High religiosity was found to be a protective factor, while alcohol use was strongly associated with smoking. Maternal smoking was strongly associated with smoking, but only in girls. No difference in stage was found between schools and grades. The study should be replicated using a longitudinal design to determine the causal relationship between factors and smoking and to further investigate the applicability of the Transtheoretical Model in smoking acquisition. / Thesis (M.A.)- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004
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Knowledge and practices of smoking among students of the University of Natal on Durban campus residences.Kamanzi, Desire G. January 2001 (has links)
The Health Belief Model developed by Becker ( 1984) cited in Katzenellenbogen et al. ( 1999) guided this study. The model attempts to identify beliefs and the way they may interact to influence individuals' conscious decisions to undertake certain healthrelated actions. "The most important health beliefs that influence actions are thought to be: • The person's perceived vulnerability to a particular condition or illness, • The person' s perceptions of the severity or effects of the condition or illness, • The Person's perception of the efficacy, costs, and benefits of any proposed actions" (Katzenellenbogen, joubert & Karim, 1999: 169). The three points mentioned above guided systematically the whole study as follows: 1. The students' perceived vulnerability to a particular cond ition or illness in this case guided the researcher to describe and to understand students' personal perceptions of the risk of diseases they run by smoking or that they can cause to other people in their surroundings. It was also necessary to find out whether or not non-smokers were aware of the consequences in terms of diseases of being permanently exposed to tobacco smoke. 2. Once smokers as well as non-smokers have agreed that smoking increases the risk of diseases, the following step was to ensure whether or not they continue to neglect and run the same risk. because smoking consequences occur only after a long period of time. 3. The last step was to ensure that students who smoked could actually accept and put into practices some available strategies for giving up smoking. after being sensitised or on their own initiative, in order to remain in good health. / Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.
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