Neisseria gonowhoeae has evolved a repertoire of high-affinity iron acquisition systems to facilitate essential iron uptake in the human host. Acquisition of iron requires both the energy-harnessing cytoplasmic membrane protein, TonB, as well as specific outer membrane TonB-dependent transporters (TdTs). The overall goal of this study was to investigate the extra- and intracellular iron acquisition mechanisms of N. gonorrhoeae and determine the role of the TonB and TdTs in this process.The ability of gonococci to acquire potential exogenous iron sources was determined by plate bioassay. Gonococcal growth was promoted by various catecholate and hydromate siderophores; however, growth was not dependent upon TonB expression.As all previously characterized siderophore-iron uptake is dependent upon this protein, apotential TonB-bypass mechanism is suggested.The role of the Ton system and TdTs in gonococcal survival within human cervicalepithelial cells was also determined for two gonococcal strains, FA1090 and MS 1 1. Wedemonstrate that intracellular survival of both strains was dependent upon host cell ironacquisition, yet the expression of the Ton system was only critical to the survival ofFA1090. One characterized difference between these two strains is possession of thegonococcal genetic island (GGI) which is present in approximately 80% of gonococcalstrains. This study demonstrates that the GGI provides a mechanism to bypassintracellular TonB-dependent iron acquisition.In the strain lacking the genetic island, none of the characterized TdTs provided abenefit to the gonococcus when grown intracellularly. However, expression of oneuncharacterized TdT, TdfF, was necessary for successful intracellular survival. To ourknowledge, this is the first demonstration of a specific requirement for a single irontransporter in the survival of a bacterial pathogen within host epithelial cells.In the GGI-containing strain, TonB function was not critical to survival withincervical epithelial calls. The presence of the GGI was associated with the ability to bypass TonB-dependant uptake. Specifically, this bypass mechanism was mediated bycomponents of the T4S machinery encoded by the GGI, and replication was directlyrelated to iron acquisition. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct linkbetween bacterial iron acquisition and a type IV secretion system.

Le fer est un élément essentiel à la vie car il possède un rôle clé dans de nombreux processus biologiques.Malgré son abondance au niveau de la croûte terrestre, le fer est très faiblement biodisponible. Pour contourner ce problème, la majorité des micro-organismes a développé différents systèmes particulièrement efficaces pour l’acquisition de cet élément. Le mécanisme le plus répandu implique la production et la sécrétion de petites molécules chélatrices ayant une forte affinité pour le fer. Après sécrétion dans le milieu extracellulaire, ces composés chélatent le Fe3+ et le transportent ensuite au travers de la membrane externe via des transporteurs TonB-dépendants (TBDT). Durant cette thèse, nous avons mis en place un protocoleefficace permettant d’aller rapidement du clonage à la cristallisation de ces cibles afin d’étudier la structure tridimensionnelle de cette famille de protéines. Ainsi, nous avons pu résoudre et étudier la structure de plusieurs TBDT, de bactéries Gram-négatives. Ainsi nous avons mis en évidence un mouvement du domaine de signalisation en présence du ligand, proposé un mécanisme de transporteur de la molécule d’hème par le système shu chez Shigella dysenteriae. Chez les bactéries du genre Pseudomonas, nous avons élucidé et caractérisé au niveau structural les mystères de l’énantiosélectivité des pyochélines. En parallèle, nous nous sommes intéressé au devenir du ferri-sidérophore au niveau du périplasme, chez P. aeruginosa, ainsi qu’au transport du fer au travers de la membrane interne grâce à un transporteur ABC FpvCDEF ayant laparticularité de posséder deux protéines périplasmiques associées capables d’interagir avec le sidérophore. / Iron is essential for life because it has a key role in many biological processes. Despite its abundance in the earth's crust, iron is poorly bioavailable. To circumvent this problem, most micro-organisms have developed different systems particularly effective for the acquisition of this element. The most common mechanism involves the production and secretion of small chelating molecules having high affinity for iron. After secretion into the extracellular medium, these compounds chelate and transport ferric iron through the outer membrane via TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs). In this thesis, we have developed an efficient protocol to easily go from cloning to crystallization of these targets and then studied the three-dimensional structure of this protein family. Thus, we were able to solve and study the structure of several TBDT of Gram-negative bacteria. We have identified a movement of the signaling domain in the presence of ligand. We proposed a mechanism for heme translocation through the shu system, in Shigella dysenteriae. In Pseudomonas species, we elucidated and characterized at the structural level the mysteries of the pyochelin enantioselectivity. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we studied the ferri-siderophore become in the periplasmic space, as well as iron transport across the inner membrane by an ABC transporter, named FpvCDEF, with the particularity of having two periplasmic proteins associated able to interact with the siderophore.

This thesis focuses on the structural and functional characterization of two integral membrane proteins; CfrA, an outer membrane TonB-dependent transporter (TBDT) from Campylobacter jejuni, and ELIC, a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) from Erwinia Chrysanthemi. The spectroscopic characterization of CfrA revealed a fold consistent with the structural and biophysical properties observed for other TBDT. Both a homology model of CfrA and sequence alignments of CfrA with other ferric-enterobactin transporters suggested a unique mode of ligand binding, thus raising the possibility that C. jejuni can be specifically inhibited. To investigate the molecular determinates of binding to CfrA, I set out to crystallize CfrA. Hundreds of crystal trials led to crystals diffracting to 3.6 Å resolution, with a complete data set acquired at 5 Å resolution that led to a structural model of the CfrA β-barrel. In the second part of this thesis, I reconstituted ELIC into model membranes in order to test the role of intramembrane aromatic interactions in ELIC gating and lipid sensing. ELIC was reconstituted into both asolectin (aso-ELIC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (PC-ELIC), membranes that stabilize the homologous nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in functional coupled versus non-functional uncoupled conformations, respectively. In both membrane environments, ELIC exhibits a mixed α-helical and β-sheet secondary structure, with a thermal denaturation intermediate between those of the nAChR and the close prokaryotic homolog, GLIC, in similar membranes. The data suggest that although ELIC has a decreased propensity to adopt an uncoupled conformation relative to the nAChR, its ability to undergo cysteamine-induced channel gating is sensitive to its lipid environment. The decreased propensity to uncouple may reflect an increased level of aromatics at the interface between the transmembrane α-helices, M1, M3, and M4. To test this hypothesis further, the level or aromatic residues at the M1, M3, and M4 interface in both GLIC and ELIC were varied, and in both cases the levels of intramembrane aromatic interactions correlated with the efficiency of coupling binding to gating. The data provide further evidence for a role of intramembrane aromatics in channel gating and in dictating the propensity of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels to adopt an uncoupled conformation.