In recent years, Chinese medicine in the medical profession in the West triggered a wave of new wave. Chinese medicine is based on four examinations which are listening and smelling examination, inquiry, and palpation to diagnose the patient. Tongue diagnosis is also the first of four diagnostic. The result of tongue diagnosis is based on features of tongue which are diagnosed by doctor. Observation of the tongue focuses on the tongue phenomenon which is structured by the shape of the tongue, and the substance of the tongue, and the coating of the tongue. Pathology of the tongue-shaped includes the medium, fat, lean and crooked, etc. In Pathology of the tongue-substanced, tongue color includes pale, closed to pale, reddish, red, dark red, dark purple, also have some features about ecchymosis, breaken line, tooth mark, and red dot. Pathology for the coating of the tongue includes white, yellow, black, greasy, thick, thin, peeling, or no, etc. Clinically, doctors mostly rely on their own knowledge and experience when determining major lesions of a patient by observing the coloration, overall modalities, and volume of salivary on different parts of the tongue. As a result, the diagnosis tends to be limited by knowledge, experience, train of thought, and diagnostic techniques.The subjective determination is likely to be affected by the doctor¡¦s color sensitivity and interpretation.Different doctors may come to drastically different judgments on the same tongue presentation with little overlap. Therefore, it is important to develop scientific methods that can help doctors diagnose based on standardized differentiation procedures and render reliable diagnoses in order to enhance the clinical application value of Chinese Medicine.The computerized automatic capture of characteristics shown on the images of the surface.At first, the captured image achieves brightness and color correction by brightness calibration and color calibration. Then, the original tongue images go through HSI color space conversion, detection of the control points inside and outside the surface of the tongue, curve smoothness modification and active contour model to capture images of the tongue. After that, the tongue shape, tongue fur, tongue body, and body fluid are captured from the image of the tongue.

The core of diagnosis in Chinese Medicine is ¡§pattern identification/syndrome differentiation and treatment¡¨ with inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry, and palpation as the bases. Tongue diagnosis tops the four diagnoses and hence is crucial to the inspection diagnosis in Chinese Medicine. Clinically, doctors mostly rely on their own knowledge and experience when determining major lesions of a patient by observing the coloration, overall modalities, and volume of salivary on different parts of the tongue. As a result, the diagnosis tends to be limited by knowledge, experience, train of thought, and diagnostic techniques.The subjective determination is likely to be affected by the doctor¡¦s color sensitivity and interpretation.Different doctors may come to drastically different judgments on the same tongue presentation with little overlap. Therefore, it is important to develop scientific methods that can help doctors diagnose based on standardized differentiation procedures and render reliable diagnoses in order to enhance the clinical application value of Chinese Medicine.The computerized automatic capture of characteristics shown on the images of the surface and the back of the tongue comprises breakup of the tongue image and capture of the tongue characteristics.The original tongue images first go through HSI color space conversion, detection of the control points inside and outside the surface of the tongue, curve smoothness modification and active contour model to capture images of the tongue. After that, the tongue shape, tongue fur, tongue body, and body fluid are captured from the breakup image of the tongue.

Thesis (Doctoral)--Westfälischen Wilhemsuniversität zu Münster i. W., 1933.

Thesis (Doctoral)--Westfälischen Wilhemsuniversität zu Münster i. W., 1933.

Introduction: The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base has evolved with concomitant chemoradiation replacing surgery ± radiotherapy for advanced stages of disease. This study examines 10-year treatment outcomes in this patient population over the time-span of the changing treatment paradigm. Methods: A cohort of 290 patients was followed for 3442 months (median15 months). Survival analysis was done using Kaplan- Meier curves and log-rank test for comparing sub-groups. Cox’s proportional hazard models were used to determine the predictors of 10-year survival after treatment. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 62.2 years (SD=12.4 years), 79.7% were males, and 86.4% had Stage III or IV disease at presentation. The overall median survival time was 16 months (95% CI=9.5, 22.5 months) with 23% of patients surviving the 10-year period. The 10-year disease specific and disease free survival was similar at 30 and 31 months respectively. Survival varied significantly (P< 0.05) with stage of disease on presentation. Survival probability at 10 years was 37% for stage I disease and 26%, 28% and 23% for stages II -IV respectively. Patients younger than 65 years had better overall survival when compared to those 65 or more: 29% versus 14%, respectively (P<0.0001). Similarly, females had better 10-year survival as compared to males, 31% vs. 21%, respectively; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.10). A lateral location of the tumor had a better survival outcome when compared to a midline location of (27% or 28% versus 9%, P<0.0025). With univariate analysis 10-year survival of 54% was observed with chemoradiation, and 45% for surgey+radiotherapy (P<0.0001). Multivariate models demonstrated an independent effect of stage, gender, age, and initial treatment modality on overall survival. Treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy reduced the risk of death over 10 years by 89% (HR=0.11; 95% CI=0.1, 0.2; P<0.0001) and surgery + radiotherapy reduced the risk of death over 10 years by 87% (HR=0.13; 95% CI=0.1, 0.2; P<0.0001). Conclusion: Independent of cancer stage, gender, and age, treatment modality predicts 10-year survival of patients with base of tongue cancer. Similar survival is observed following chemoradiation and surgey+radiotherapy.

Introduction: The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base has evolved with concomitant chemoradiation replacing surgery ± radiotherapy for advanced stages of disease. This study examines 10-year treatment outcomes in this patient population over the time-span of the changing treatment paradigm. Methods: A cohort of 290 patients was followed for 3442 months (median15 months). Survival analysis was done using Kaplan- Meier curves and log-rank test for comparing sub-groups. Cox’s proportional hazard models were used to determine the predictors of 10-year survival after treatment. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 62.2 years (SD=12.4 years), 79.7% were males, and 86.4% had Stage III or IV disease at presentation. The overall median survival time was 16 months (95% CI=9.5, 22.5 months) with 23% of patients surviving the 10-year period. The 10-year disease specific and disease free survival was similar at 30 and 31 months respectively. Survival varied significantly (P< 0.05) with stage of disease on presentation. Survival probability at 10 years was 37% for stage I disease and 26%, 28% and 23% for stages II -IV respectively. Patients younger than 65 years had better overall survival when compared to those 65 or more: 29% versus 14%, respectively (P<0.0001). Similarly, females had better 10-year survival as compared to males, 31% vs. 21%, respectively; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.10). A lateral location of the tumor had a better survival outcome when compared to a midline location of (27% or 28% versus 9%, P<0.0025). With univariate analysis 10-year survival of 54% was observed with chemoradiation, and 45% for surgey+radiotherapy (P<0.0001). Multivariate models demonstrated an independent effect of stage, gender, age, and initial treatment modality on overall survival. Treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy reduced the risk of death over 10 years by 89% (HR=0.11; 95% CI=0.1, 0.2; P<0.0001) and surgery + radiotherapy reduced the risk of death over 10 years by 87% (HR=0.13; 95% CI=0.1, 0.2; P<0.0001). Conclusion: Independent of cancer stage, gender, and age, treatment modality predicts 10-year survival of patients with base of tongue cancer. Similar survival is observed following chemoradiation and surgey+radiotherapy.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2008.

Thesis (B.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-30) Also available in print.

That taste can be elicited by electrical stimulation has been known since the time of Sulzer (1795) who stimulated his own tongue with a piece of silver and a piece of lead. Because the idea of electricity had not yet been developed, Sulzer attributed the taste to a vibration of the metals which then stimulated the taste nerves. In spite of numerous investigations, the exact mechanism of electrical stimulation is still in some doubt. Early experiments by von Humbolt, Fabbroni, and by Carlisle (Dzendolet, 1962, p. 303) with non-reversible electrodes were indirectly eliciting a receptor response with products of the electrolysis of saliva and extracellular and intracellular fluids, as was demonstrated by von Zeyneck (1898). This type of stimulation, as well as that obtained with a reversible electrode, has been explained by Dzendolet (1962). In neither case can it be demonstrated that there is direct stimulation of the receptors or nerve fibers.

Thesis (doctoral)--München, 1935.