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La survie d’un État dépend de la capacité de ses dirigeants à être informés et à communiquer leurs décisions, puis de contrôler leur exécution. L’information dans l’Antiquité circulait par courrier mais aussi par transmissions de signaux sonores et/ou lumineux. Après une étude documentaire des récits attestant la transmission d’informations par signaux lumineux et sonores au Levant au premier millénaire av. J.-C., nous avons démontré que les logiciels utilisés pour la conception des réseaux actuels de télécommunications peuvent suggérer des sites relais utilisés pour cette transmission. Les limites techniques des moyens de l’époque sont des paramètres déterminants. Nous en avons déduit des modèles de réseaux. Enfin ces hypothèses ont été validées sur le terrain. / The survival of a State depends on the capacity of its leaders to be informed and on their successes to communicate their decisions, then to control their executions. The information in the ancient times circulated by mail, but also by transmissions of sound and/or light signals.After a documentary survey of stories attesting the transmission of informations by light and sound signals in the Near East during the first millennium BCE, we tried to see if the software used for telecommunications networks design and planning can hint repeater sites used for this transmission. The limitations of the technology at that time will determine parameters. Models of networks have been deducted. Finally these hypotheses have been validated on the ground.

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is a woody perennial crop that can remain productive for decades. Competition for resources between cranberries and weeds can depress cranberry farm yields, resulting in large annual crop losses. Renewed interest in reducing chemical inputs into cranberry systems has provided the motivation to evaluate methods, such as flame cultivation (FC), as potential nonchemical options for weed control. Also known as thermal weeding, FC exposes plants to brief periods of high temperature that causes the water in the plant tissue to expand rapidly, rupturing plant cells and leading to necrosis. Various FC methods have been used successfully in annual crops as both a preemergence and postemergence weed control, but few scientific reports have been published on the use of FC on perennial weeds in a woody perennial crop system. Dewberry (Rubus spp.), sawbrier (Smilax glauca), and common rush (Juncus effusus) are cranberry weeds that are difficult to control, spread quickly and can cause significant crop loss. Flame cultivation may be an effective non-chemical means for controlling these weeds in cranberry systems. FC would ideally be used as a spot treatment for weeds growing in the cranberry canopy, as well as on larger non-production areas where cranberry vines are not as abundant, such as bog edges, ditches, and dikes. Using FC to treat weeds within the cranberry canopy will likely cause localized damage to cranberry plants immediately surrounding the weeds, thus cranberry response to FC is also of interest. The following experiments were designed to examine the response of weeds and cranberry plants to FC. Perennial plants rely on reserves of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) for growth and survival, thus the efficacy of FC treatments to weeds will likely be impacted by the timing and frequency of treatments as they relate to the specific carbohydrate cycles of targeted weeds, such as dewberry. An additional experiment studied the seasonal fluctuations of NSC in dewberry roots. Cranberry growers were also surveyed on their past experiences with FC, as well as their willingness to adopt FC if proven an effective method for controlling weeds.