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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Gasificación catalítica de biomasa para la producción sostenible de hidrógeno

Hernández Soto, María Consuelo 04 November 2019 (has links)
[ES] En este trabajo de Tesis Doctoral, se ha estudiado por primera vez el uso de biomasa procedente del cultivo del tabaco (Nicotiana glauca), como materia prima para la producción de H2 a partir de su gasificación catalítica. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto BioH2 cuyo principal objetivo es desarrollar un proceso innovador para producir H2 a partir de biomasa, y estudiar su viabilidad como tecnología alternativa para la generación de electricidad. En primer lugar, se ha estudiado el efecto que ejercen dos pretratamientos (HTC y torrefacción), en la gasificación de tres tipos de biomasas diferentes: Nicotiana glauca, cáscara de almendra y orujillo de aceituna. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el proceso de torrefacción es mucho más efectivo para la modificación de las características de la biomasa, con vistas a una gasificación más eficiente para la producción de hidrógeno. Además, se ha comprobado que la distinta naturaleza y composición de la biomasa, ejercen una gran influencia en la gasificación de la biomasa pretratada. En este sentido, los resultados revelan que el proceso de torrefacción consigue mejorar la producción de H2 en la gasificación de las biomasas Nicotiana glauca y orujillo. En cambio, en el caso de la cáscara de almendra, el proceso HTC es el que proporciona los mejores resultados para obtener un producto gasificable con elevada producción de H2. En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos en la gasificación catalítica de Nicotiana glauca, demuestran que es posible conseguir elevadas producciones de H2 empleando catalizadores basados en Ni sobre soportes naturales (dolomita, olivino y sepiolita). Estos catalizadores han sido capaces de eliminar por completo la presencia de productos no deseados como los alquitranes (TARs), debido a su gran capacidad para el reformado. Además, se ha comprobado que tanto la naturaleza del soporte como el porcentaje de Ni incorporado, tienen un efecto significativo sobre la distribución de productos gaseosos. En este sentido, se ha observado que el catalizador basado en sepiolita con un 20% de Ni, ofrece unos excelentes resultados en cuanto a generación de H2 y disminución de hidrocarburos ligeros (C2-C3). Adicionalmente, se ha podido comprobar la importancia de la temperatura de calcinación (antes y después de la incorporación del Ni), en la distribución de productos gaseosos utilizando un catalizador sintético basado en alúmina nanofibrada. Los resultados obtenidos han mostrado que para una temperatura de síntesis de la alúmina de 750 °C y una temperatura de calcinación después de la incorporación del Ni de 600 °C, se consigue un catalizador estable de alta actividad que maximiza la producción de H2. Finalmente, se ha estudiado la gasificación de otros tipos de biomasa (cáscara de almendra y orujillo) utilizando dos de las formulaciones catalíticas desarrolladas en la gasificación de Nicotiana glauca. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los catalizadores seleccionados (20NiAlu_75_6 y 5NiOli) mejoran significativamente la cantidad de H2 producido en las tres biomasas estudiadas. Dado los buenos resultados obtenidos con el catalizador 5NiOli, y su mayor resistencia a la abrasión y facilidad de conformado, se ha preparado 1 kg para su uso en la planta piloto que ha sido diseñada y construida en el marco del proyecto BioH2. / [CA] En aquest treball de Tesi Doctoral, s'ha estudiat per primera vegada l'ús de biomassa procedent del cultiu del tabac (Nicotiana glauca), com a matèria primera per a la producció d'H2 a partir de la seua gasificació catalítica. Aquest treball s'emmarca dins del projecte BioH2 el principal objectiu del qual és desenvolupar un procés innovador per a produir H2 a partir de biomassa, i estudiar la seua viabilitat com a tecnologia alternativa per a la generació d'electricitat. En primer lloc, s'ha estudiat l'efecte que exerceixen dos pretractaments (HTC i torrefacció), en la gasificació de tres tipus de biomasses diferents: Nicotiana glauca, corfa d'ametla i polpa seca d'oliva. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que el procés de torrefacció és molt més efectiu per a la modificació de les característiques de la biomassa, amb vista a una gasificació més eficient per a la producció d'hidrogen. A més, s'ha comprovat que la diferent naturalesa i composició de la biomassa, exerceixen una gran influència en la gasificació de la biomassa pretratada. En aquest sentit, els resultats revelen que el procés de torrefacció aconsegueix millorar la producció d'H2 en la gasificació de les biomasses Nicotiana glauca i polpa seca d¿oliva. En canvi, en el cas de la corfa d'ametla, el procés HTC és el que proporciona els millors resultats per a obtindre un producte gasificable amb elevada producció d'H2. Quant als resultats obtinguts en la gasificació catalítica de Nicotiana glauca, demostren que és possible aconseguir elevades produccions d'H2 emprant catalitzadors basats en Ni sobre suports naturals (dolomita, olivino i sepiolita). Aquests catalitzadors han sigut capaços d'eliminar per complet la presència de productes no desitjats com els quitrans (TARs), degut a la seua gran capacitat per al reformat. A més, s'ha comprovat que tant la naturalesa del suport com el percentatge de Ni incorporat, tenen un efecte significatiu sobre la distribució de productes gasosos. En aquest sentit, s'ha observat que el catalitzador basat en sepiolita amb 20% de Ni, ofereix uns excel·lents resultats quant a generació d'H2 i disminució d'hidrocarburs lleugers (C2-C3). Addicionalment, s'ha pogut comprovar la importància de la temperatura de calcinació (abans i després de la incorporació del Ni), en la distribució de productes gasosos utilitzant un catalitzador sintètic basat en alúmina nanofibrada. Els resultats obtinguts han mostrat que per a una temperatura de síntesi de l'alúmina de 750 °C i una temperatura de calcinació després de la incorporació del Ni de 600 °C, s'aconsegueix un catalitzador estable d'alta activitat que maximitza la producció d'H2. Finalment, s'ha estudiat la gasificació d'altres tipus de biomassa (corfa d'ametla i polpa seca d¿oliva) utilitzant dos de les formulacions catalítiques desenvolupades en la gasificació de Nicotiana glauca. Els resultats obtinguts mostren que els catalitzadors seleccionats (20NiAlu_75_6 i 5NiOli) milloren significativament la quantitat d'H2 produït en les tres biomasses estudiades. Donat els bons resultats obtinguts amb el catalitzador 5NiOli, i la seua major resistència a l'abrasió i facilitat de conformat, s¿ha preparat 1 kg per al seu ús en la planta pilot dissenyada i construïda en el marc del projecte BioH2. / [EN] In this thesis, the use of biomass from tobacco cultivation (Nicotiana glauca) has been studied for the first time as the raw material for H2 production from its catalytic gasification. This work is part of the BioH2 project whose main objective is to develop an innovative process to produce H2 from biomass, and study its viability as an alternative technology for the generation of electricity. Firstly, the effect of two pretreatments (HTC and torrefaction) was studied on the gasification of three different types of biomass: Nicotiana glauca, almond shell and olive "orujillo". The results obtained show that the torrefaction process is much more effective for the modification of the characteristics of the biomass, achieving more efficient gasification for the production of hydrogen. In addition, it has been proven that the different nature and composition of the biomass exert a great influence on the gasification of the pre-treated biomass. In this sense, the results reveal that the torrefaction process manages to improve the H2 production in the gasification of the Nicotiana glauca and olive "orujillo" biomass. In contrast, in the case of almond shell, the HTC process provides the best results to obtain a gasificable product with high H2 production. Regarding the results obtained in the catalytic gasification of Nicotiana glauca, they show that it is possible to achieve high H2 production using Ni-based catalysts on natural supports (dolomite, olivine and sepiolite). These catalysts have been able to completely eliminate the presence of unwanted products such as TARs, due to their great capacity for reforming. In addition, it has been demostrated that both the nature of the support and the percentage of Ni incorporated, have a significant effect on the distribution of gaseous products. In this sense, it has been observed that the catalyst based on sepiolite with 20% Ni offers excellent results in terms of H2 generation and reduction of light hydrocarbons (C2-C3). Additionally, it has been possible to verify the importance of the calcination temperature (before and after the incorporation of Ni), in the distribution of gaseous products using a synthetic catalyst based on nanofiber alumina. The results obtained have shown that for a synthesis temperature of the alumina of 750 °C and a calcination temperature after the Ni incorporation of 600 °C, a stable high activity catalyst is obtained that maximizes the H2 production. Finally, the gasification of other types of biomass (almond shell and olive "orujillo") has been studied using two different catalytic formulations developed in the gasification of Nicotiana glauca. The results obtained show that the selected catalysts (20NiAlu_75_6 and 5NiOli) significantly improve the amount of H2 produced in the three biomasses studied. Given the good results obtained with the 5NiOli catalyst, its high resistance to abrasion and ease of pelletization, 1 kg of this catalyst has been prepared to be used in the pilot plant designed and built in BioH2 project. / Hernández Soto, MC. (2019). Gasificación catalítica de biomasa para la producción sostenible de hidrógeno [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/130200
2

Low temperature upgrading of moist agroindustrial wastes for subsequent energy uses

Benavente Domenech, Verónica 03 July 2017 (has links)
The research work developed in the present thesis deals with the upgrading of moist agroindustrial wastes by torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization for their subsequent use as bioenergy feedstocks in industrial and domestic systems. The Mediterranean region concentrates the main producer countries of olive oil, canned foodstuffs and juices worldwide, and thus produces large amounts of moist agroindustrial wastes needing suitable management treatments. Unfortunately, their use in energy applications is not directly an efficient option, since this kind of wastes present moisture contents higher than 65% and low energy density. Therefore, the main objective of the present work is to convert moist agroindustrial wastes in profitable materials that can be used in energy purposes. Low temperature treatments such as torrefaction (TF) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) were selected in order to maximize the solid recovery and minimize energy requirements and costs. On the one hand, torrefaction of olive mill waste was studied. On the other, hydrothermal carbonization of olive mill waste, artichoke wastes and orange juice wastes was studied as a potential alternative to dry treatments. Through these investigations, it was possible to bear out that HTC is more energy beneficial to treat moist agroindustrial wastes than TF, leading to energy savings up to 50%. Then, since HTC was considered more appropriate than TF to manage this kind of wastes, following investigations were focused on a deeply study of the HTC process, hydrochar properties and its use in possible energy applications. The effect of lipids on the HTC process and hydrochar properties was studied and it was found that lipids, which mainly remain on the hydrochar, improve the hydrophobicity of the solid and thus reduce its moisture content, decreasing the total energy requirements of the global low temperature upgrading process. In addition, it was found that lipids retain antimicrobial liposoluble substances on the solid and thus improve the biodegradability of the HTC-liquor. Then, it was concluded that, although HTC is an effective treatment regardless the lipids loading, HTC is energetically and enviromentally more advantageous as the amount of lipids contained in the raw wastes increases. When considering the use of hydrochars as renewable fuels for both industrial and domestic applications, ashes behaviour and related emissions are important concerns. To improve ash fusibility characteristics of hydrochars, the composition of their ashes was modified with rice hulls and/or mineral additives. It was found that rice hulls and kaolin are able to increase the hydrochar ash fusion characteristic temperatures to values higher than 1500ºC. The high cost of kaolin could limit its application. Thus, rice hulls were considered the best option among the additives studied, since consisting of a waste, allows reaching economic and sustainability criteria. Emissions associated with the combustion of hydrochars were assessed and compared with those associated with raw materials, torrefied materials (TF-chars) and conventional fuels (i.e., anthracite and wood). Experiments were conducted in both a lab-scale furnace and a commercial domestic pellet stove. Lab-scale experiments showed that hydrochar and TF-char lead to 40% lower emissions of light hydrocarbons but 50% higher emissions of SVOCs and PAHs than OMW. As compared with conventional fuels emissions of hydrochar and TF-chars were substantially higher than those associated with anthracite, whereas the toxicity factor of hydrochar was similar to that of wood. Experiments conducted in the domestic pellet stove showed that the toxicity associated with hydrochar was very similar to that of OMW, although it duplicated that of wood pellets. Hence, it is mandatory to ensure good combustion conditions to avoid the release of toxic compounds to the environment. Finally, the life cycle analysis (LCA) of HTC coupled with energy recovery from the hydrochar was conducted to determine its environmental implications and compare them with the impacts associated with current management options. Results indicated that HTC and subsequent energy generation is more beneficial than biological treatments. However, this scenario was less advantageous than direct incineration, due to the energy losses that occur during HTC and the discharge of HTC-liquor to the environment. Thus, it is recommended that future research efforts focus on the evaluation of appropriate HTC-liquor treatments and methods to improve the energy retention efficiencies of the hydrochar.

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