BACKGROUND: Operation Giving Back (OGB) of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) and various other surgical missions in the developing world have become more popular and provide a valuable way of reducing the surgical burden worldwide. While most cases are "bread and butter" general surgery, difficult surgeries are often encountered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Description of a total thyroidectomy for super giant goiter extending to chest inferiorly, lateral neck and behind both ears, compressing the trachea and causing chronic difficulties breathing. The surgical team was unable to intubate, but performed surgery under local anesthesia and sedation with Ketamine injection. RESULTS: Total thyroidectomy, as a life-saving procedure, was performed under local anesthesia and Ketamine with mild sedation. Once thyroid was removed, the outside diameter of trachea was assessed to be 4mm. Patient tolerated the procedure well and had no postoperative complication. Her breathing improved significantly post-operatively. Five years later, she is doing well. CONCLUSION: Total thyroidectomy for giant goiters can be done under local anesthesia with Ketamine and proper sedation. Surgeons and anesthesiologists participating in surgical missions may have to perform major surgery under local anesthesia. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Surgical Associates Ltd.

Patients with Graves´ Disease (GD) have a higher risk of developing more severe and prolonged hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy (TT) than patients who undergo surgery for benign atoxic goitre. Since TT is the most effective treatment for GD, it is crucial to identify mechanisms for postoperative hypocalcaemia. The aim of this thesis was to study the mechanisms of calcium metabolism in patients with GD. It is safe to operate on GD patients with TT. Results in Paper I showed fewer recurrences and equal complication rates compared to patients who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy (ST). The transient lowering of PTH seen in the hypocalcaemic patients was fully restored one month after surgery (Papers II and V). The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is crucial for maintaining plasma calcium, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene may alter the sensing function. Thus, we analysed SNPs in CaSR in GD patients (Paper II) and showed that they had a more left-shifted calcium-PTH set-point compared to controls, implicating higher sensitivity. This is also supported by the results in the group of postoperatively hypocalcaemic patients. They already had lower plasma calcium preoperatively (Papers II, IV and V) and lacked the T/G G/A G/C, a haplotype shown in Paper III to have a close relationship to higher p-calcium levels. Moreover, a lack of the T allele in rs1801725 was seen in the group of patients needing permanent treatment with calcium and vitamin D, i.e. > 12 months, (paper V). Patients who became hypocalcaemic (p-calcium < 2.00 mmol/L) on day one postoperatively, had lower preoperative levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and higher levels of  T3, this was also applied to the patient groups requiring temporary or permanent postoperative treatment (Papers II and V). In addition, hypocalcaemic patients treated for less than six months with anti-thyroid drugs had higher levels of bone metabolism markers CTX and P1NP than normocalcaemic patients (Paper V). In conclusion, the postoperative period of hypocalcaemia seen in patients with GD is a complex medical condition, caused by a combination of surgical trauma, different SNPs in CaSR, and high bone metabolism related to preoperative thyroid metabolism.