THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR TECHNOLOGIAE ( D Tech ) (TRAVEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT) IN THE FACULTY OF BUSINESS AT THE CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2008 / This study is aimed at developing and proposing a normative model for cultural tourism, which should be implemented on the Cape Flats. Normative criteria for cultural tourism were identified through a literature search, followed by an empirical study. Responses to various questions and statements were statistically analysed, interpreted and presented. Tourism stakeholders such as tour operators, travel agents, accommodation establishments and cultural tourism suppliers, including the community of the Cape Flats, can benefit from implementation of the normative model for cultural tourism. This study traces the roots of philosophy in the social sciences, provides a philosophical basis for cultural tourism, followed by a discussion of relevant national, provincial and local legislative frameworks for cultural tourism on the Cape Flats. In addition to the above, a comparative conceptual analysis of cultural tourism in The Gambia is made in order to gain a better understanding of successes and challenges that face destinations, which intend to offer cultural tourism as a tourism product. Developing a normative model for cultural tourism on the Cape Flats should seek to invite active participation from the community from inception phase until implementation. The research identifies and explains elements of model theory, discusses models that are applicable to the research area, and presents an adapted normative, input-output systems model with a feedback mechanism. The normative model proposes an implementation mechanism against various external and internal environmental factors as means to ensure sustainability of cultural offerings on the Cape Flats. The normative model proposes an approach that will facilitate employment in the tourism sector on the Cape Flats, as well as poverty alleviation initiatives as part of corporate social responsibility undertakings by tourism stakeholders. Variables identified in the normative model will assist tourism stakeholders, including the Cape Flats community, to develop cultural offerings for consumption by tourists, the cultural market and sustain cultural tourism, which should improve standards of living for people on the Cape Flats. The normative model for cultural tourism addresses the critical shortage of skills amongst tourism practitioners and offers recommendations to alleviate this shortcoming within the tourism industry. The normative criteria, which is identified in the model, addresses the fact that attention should given to improvement and provision of cultural tourism infrastructure on the Cape Flats. An objective of the normative model for cultural tourism is to facilitate the proposal of guidelines for National, Provincial and Local government policy initiatives regarding tourism and, in particular, cultural tourism on the Cape Flats. This model identifies aims and objectives of the White Paper on Sustainable Tourism Development (1996), the Cape Flats Tourism Framework (2005) and the Tourism Development Framework for the City of Cape Town (2006). Finally, the Cape Flats’ diverse community displays a host of unique cultural experiences and offerings in terms of folklore, history, experiences, food, song and a host of other activities that should be shared with tourists.

Increasing tourism numbers in third world countries affect their economies and certain aspects of their society positively; however, there are concomitant negative effects that expose the dark side of the tourism industry. One of these is the escalating commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), particularly child prostitution (CP) in the context of tourism, a phenomenon known as child sex tourism (CST). Although tourism plays an important role in creating the perfect storm of poverty-stricken children colliding with wealthy tourists, it is not solely responsible for this phenomenon. Internationally and nationally, the lacuna of knowledge on CST in particular hampers an informed response by way of resource allocation and coordinated service delivery to both victims and perpetrators. Utilising a qualitative research approach, and the collective case study and phenomenological research designs complemented by an explorative, descriptive and contextual strategy of inquiry, the researcher explored the status of the knowledge of and response to the CSEC through the lens of closely associated role players, who were purposively selected for inclusion in the study. These were adult survivors who were as children engaged in sex work and victims of child sex tourism, social workers and non-social workers involved in rendering child welfare and protection services, members of the Family Violence Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) Unit of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and representatives of the hospitality and tourism industry. Data was collected via individual in-depth semi-structured interviews, telephone interviews, and email-communication and thematically analysed. The researcher found that a range of microsystem level factors, such as poverty and family dysfunction, pushed children to the street, and as a means to survive engage in sex work, enabling tourists (i.e. local - out of towners) and foreigners, mainly men from varied sexual orientation) to commercially sexually exploit both boys and girls, from as young as nine years of age, and of different race groups, which leave them with physical and psychological scars. The following main findings surfaced: The social workers, in comparison to the non-social workers, who have a primary responsibility to provide child welfare and protection services were ill-informed in terms of identifying CST as phenomenon, untrained and/or slow to respond appropriately with interventions directed to the victims and perpetrators of CSEC. The service provider groups, as microsystems interfacing on a mesosystem, were fraught with perceptions that the social workers and the SAPS were being inadequate. Furthermore a lack of cooperation, collaboration and communication between the service provider groups to respond to CSEC existed. The hospitality and tourism industry service representatives were also ill-informed about the phenomena of CP and CST with a response that at best can be labelled as fluctuating between an indirect response to that of turning a blind-eye. From the findings, recommendations for social work practice, education and training and recommendations specific for the other closely associated role players in responding to the CSEC were forwarded. / Social Work / D.Phil. (Social Work)

Increasing tourism numbers in third world countries affect their economies and certain aspects of their society positively; however, there are concomitant negative effects that expose the dark side of the tourism industry. One of these is the escalating commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), particularly child prostitution (CP) in the context of tourism, a phenomenon known as child sex tourism (CST). Although tourism plays an important role in creating the perfect storm of poverty-stricken children colliding with wealthy tourists, it is not solely responsible for this phenomenon. Internationally and nationally, the lacuna of knowledge on CST in particular hampers an informed response by way of resource allocation and coordinated service delivery to both victims and perpetrators. Utilising a qualitative research approach, and the collective case study and phenomenological research designs complemented by an explorative, descriptive and contextual strategy of inquiry, the researcher explored the status of the knowledge of and response to the CSEC through the lens of closely associated role players, who were purposively selected for inclusion in the study. These were adult survivors who were as children engaged in sex work and victims of child sex tourism, social workers and non-social workers involved in rendering child welfare and protection services, members of the Family Violence Child Protection and Sexual Offences (FCS) Unit of the South African Police Service (SAPS) and representatives of the hospitality and tourism industry. Data was collected via individual in-depth semi-structured interviews, telephone interviews, and email-communication and thematically analysed. The researcher found that a range of microsystem level factors, such as poverty and family dysfunction, pushed children to the street, and as a means to survive engage in sex work, enabling tourists (i.e. local - out of towners) and foreigners, mainly men from varied sexual orientation) to commercially sexually exploit both boys and girls, from as young as nine years of age, and of different race groups, which leave them with physical and psychological scars. The following main findings surfaced: The social workers, in comparison to the non-social workers, who have a primary responsibility to provide child welfare and protection services were ill-informed in terms of identifying CST as phenomenon, untrained and/or slow to respond appropriately with interventions directed to the victims and perpetrators of CSEC. The service provider groups, as microsystems interfacing on a mesosystem, were fraught with perceptions that the social workers and the SAPS were being inadequate. Furthermore a lack of cooperation, collaboration and communication between the service provider groups to respond to CSEC existed. The hospitality and tourism industry service representatives were also ill-informed about the phenomena of CP and CST with a response that at best can be labelled as fluctuating between an indirect response to that of turning a blind-eye. From the findings, recommendations for social work practice, education and training and recommendations specific for the other closely associated role players in responding to the CSEC were forwarded. / Social Work / D. Phil. (Social Work)