A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Recreation and Tourism, at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2012. / The growth of tourism as a social phenomenon, a tourist industry as well as an economic enterprise have been full of drama during the last half of the twentieth century. Tourism has become a major economic force in many countries and regions throughout the world. Increasingly, it has been agreed that the growth of tourism offers means for developing countries to escape the confines of underdevelopment and that new forms of tourism allow this transition to be achieved sustainably and equitably (Mowforth & Munt, 1998: 221). As a global tourism player, KwaZulu-Natal has not been immune to the global trend of massive tourism development. The province of KwaZulu-Natal currently holds number one position in the domestic market and is number three in attracting the international market in South Africa (South African Tourism, 2004: 12). The research problem in this study is seen as four-fold: Firstly, tourism in KwaZulu- Natal is governed in terms of the KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Act of (1996) as amended in (2000), which regrettably has serious shortcomings. The Act only advocates the establishment of Destination Management Organisation, the KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority, and regulation of tourist guides without any reference to the mandate and functions of the provincial Department of Economic Development and Tourism [DEDT]. The Act confers the tourism marketing, development and investment function to KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority. This state of affairs has culminated to serious clashes in operational roles between the department and the destination management organisation. Secondly, KwaZulu-Natal does not have a provincial tourism master plan. The municipalities are developing their tourism plans and strategies without a guiding provincial tourism plan or tourism strategy. Thirdly, the tourism coordinating structures in Kwazulu-Natal are inefficient and ineffective and do not succeed in providing a coordinated tourism development approach and alignment of tourism policies and strategies between the provincial and local government. Lastly, the local communities are not properly consulted and involved in tourism matters at a local level. The objectives of this study were set to facilitate better comprehension of the study as well as to accomplish the main goals of the study. The objectives are: (a) To analyse the gaps in the legislative frameworks governing tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal and how these influence creation of the enabling environment for co-ordinated planning in the tourism industry. (b) To analyse the national, provincial and local government tourism policies and strategies, revealing how these are aligned to positively influence tourism planning and development in KwaZulu-Natal. (c) To scrutinise relevance, composition, stakeholder efficacy, operations and effectiveness of tourism co-ordinating structures for the public and private sector engagements in KwaZulu-Natal. (d) To investigate policy and strategic planning challenges facing a broad crosssection of tourism stakeholders in planning, coordination and delivery of tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal. (e) To establish the perceptions of tourism stakeholders towards the effectiveness of existing policy, institutional frameworks and their implementation in achieving co-ordinated tourism development in the study area. (f) To propose a mechanisms or model-related master plan that could be utilised to ensure a co-ordinated and integrated tourism planning and development process in KwaZulu-Natal. The section on methodology provides a discussion on the research strategy and general approach that was adopted in conducting the study. In essence the research design utilised the qualitative and quantitative approaches, which according to KZNTA (2008) are ideal in assessing the state of tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. The sample of the study included a number of diverse organisations and institutions, namely; provincial and local government, private sector, local communities, development finance institutions which are all organisations somehow responsible for tourism policy, planning, development and management in KwaZulu-Natal. The study was conducted as an applied research The main findings of the study revealed that the legislative framework in KwaZulu- Natal has gaps and causes challenges in the tourism industry; national and provincial tourism policies are not fully communicated to local communities; the tourism coordinating structures are not effective and fully inclusive of the local stakeholders; the local communities are not adequately consulted on policy and planning matters in the province; and that municipalities do not have necessary by-laws to regulate the industry. The study was conducted as applied research and it developed a conceptual model for tourism planning and management in KwaZulu-Natal which is a new model that adds the body of knowledge in the field of tourism policy and planning. The new model is called the Community Coordination Matrix for Tourism Planning. The model was not adapted from any existing model but was developed to provide coordination and alignment of tourism activities among a number of tourism authorities and coordinating structures that exist in KwaZulu-Natal and to ensure that they are properly coordinated, synergised and work in unison to improve tourism policy, planning and development in the study area.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master Degree in Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2008. / Any development, be it tourism development needs to be well planned and executed so as to effectively benefit the broader society in any entrepreneurial environment. Municipalities, such as strategic management model, the national mandate to promote tourism development within their areas with a bias to enhance entrepreneurship and Black economic empowerment. The application of such principles is particularly needed in the GDMA mainly for addressing of basic needs, equity and redistribution of tourism wealth for the benefit of the previously disadvantaged communities. The main purpose of this study is therefore to advocate for the exploitation of tourism opportunities to the superlative degree by historically disadvantaged individuals. The focus of the study is on the identification of tourism business opportunities around the Durban Metropolitan Area. In addition, to develop strategic management approaches that could be used as a guideline to manage the tourism business and empowerment of the previously disadvantaged communities. Some of the objectives of the study are: (a) To reveal the extent of Black people's awareness of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area. (b) To establish the levels of stakeholder participation in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area. (c) To investigate whether the BEE policy contributes towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area. (d) To identify appropriate competitive strategies that can be widely applied in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area. (e) To propose a strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. The methodology for collecting data comprised a stratified sample size of 178 respondents, which was distributed in the GDMA as follows: sample consisting of Black entrepreneurs [92], tourism officials [8], government officials [5], tourism business persons [27], local community and public [103]. The findings of the study indicated that, on the whole, a significant number of respondents were not sufficiently in support of many of the hypotheses. The findings of the study established that: (a) Black people are adequately aware of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area; (b) Black stakeholders do not participate significantly in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area; (c) The present BEE policy as practiced makes an inadequate contribution towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area; (d) The existing competitive strategies are not adequately successful in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area; (e) There is no readily existing strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by tourism entrepreneurs in the study area. In conclusion the study found that there was an urgent need for designing a strategic entrepreneurial development or management model that could be used as a blue print for tourism delivery in the study area. The study actually put forward a strategic BEE entrepreneurial management model with the hope that it would contribute to the solution of tourism entrepreneurial shortcomings, towards achieving an equitable distribution of tourism benefits to all stakeholders in the Durban Metropolitan Area. The prospects for future research in this area include: the sustainability of tourism entrepreneurial development initiatives, the community benefits from emerging BEE initiatives in the area, and the adjustment of tourism legislation so as to benefit the BEE infrastructural requirements within the study areas.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters of Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the the University of Zululand, 2000. / Community participation in tourism developments in KwaNgcolosi (KwaZulu-Natal) forms an integral part of the government objectives in the tourism industry which are inter alia to, build a world class tourism industry and to integrate historically disadvantaged people into the mainstream of the industry. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which KwaNgcolosi communities are involved in tourism development in their area. It also aims to undertake a feasibility study of the establishment of the Zulu Cultural Village at KwaNgcolosi by the community members where they could be really involved and benefit. The following objectives were set for this study: ^> To reveal the level of involvement by the local community in the development of tourism infrastructure. => To establish the social, economic and environmental benefits and problems the community experiences from the existence of the KwaNgcolosi reserve. => To identify problems that hinder the community's participation in tourism development in their area. => To undertake a feasibility study on the development of a Zulu Cultural Village where the KwaNgcolosi community will be involved. The results from the survey indicate that there are a number of local people who really want to get involved in the tourism business as traditional dancers; sell traditional craft work; become cleaners and so forth. At the present moment KwaNgcolosi community's involvement in tourism development in their area is mostly at the level of temporary jobs which are occasionally offered to unskilled labour. Jobs offered to semi-skilled and skilled labour are limited. Problems seem to be more prominent than benefits. Some of the problems identified are: the lack of jobs from KwaNgcolosi reserve; no improvement in the general infrastructure; local artistic talent not used and pollution from cars. The lack of tourism awareness has been identified as one major contributing factor that hinders community participation in tourism development, as well as the breakdown of communication between Msinsi Holdings which is a company that is responsible for the administration of KwaNgcolosi reserve and the KwaNgcolosi chief. The feasibility study of the proposed Zulu Cultural Village was successful. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will encourage the establishment of the proposed Zulu Cultural Village. Some of the recommendations that emerged from the study include the following: => Mechanisms should be made by Msinsi Holdings and the KwaNgcolosi chief to provide kiosks or shelter for community members who want to sell their traditional handcraft in or near the KwaNgcolosi reserve. => The KwaNgcolosi chief must work hand in hand with Msinsi Holdings to improve the general infrastructure in KwaNgcolosi area. => Tourism awareness campaigns are needed in KwaNgcolosi community. => Community members interested in establishing a Zulu Cultural Village project, must be encouraged and supported by all stakeholders. The researcher concludes by indicating that there is a potential for community participation in tourism development at KwaNgcolosi, because the type of tourism product to be developed is related to their culture and they have most of the cultural skills, they only need to be empowered with business running skills and financial support to start the proposed Zulu Cultural Village business. It is only when the community benefits financially, socially and otherwise, that their participation in tourism development will become meaningful to them. / University of Zululand