Touting, as practised by conveyancers in the four Northern provinces of South Africa, is reaching alarming proportions. Owing to the institutional nature of the attorneys' profession, rules and regulations are applied to establish and manage the ethical behaviour of members of the profession. The question arises as to whether there could be an alternative way of management with a value system and ethical conduct as the underlying principles. According to the organisational behavioural science, the alternative method is to manage an organisation by means of value driven leadership style. The research questions of this study are: 1. Which teleological and deontological values will be suitable as elements of a shared value system for the attorneys' profession? In order to reach this goal, the following objectives are established: 2. To obtain exhaustive knowledge of the concepts 'values' and 'value-driven' by means of a literature study and empirical research in order to understand the phenomenon touting, as practised in the attorneys' profession. This objective was reached through an investigation of the concepts values and value-driven. The focus was particularly on the following aspects: J the development of the concept values J the principles of values and ethics 4 the division and classification of the concept values 4 the role and application of the concept values in management science and J values and leadership Based on the results of the limited availability sample, the empirical findings were that the respondents are ethically sensitive. It is evident that touting is a deliberate and unconstitutional disregard of instrumental and terminal values, and that the promotion of self-interest leads to the detriment of the principal, the profession and the public. 3. To establish the shared values of the attorneys' profession from the perspective of the deontology and teleology. This objective was reached through a literature study into the concepts value driven and shared values. From this investigation, it is evident that a relationship no doubt exists between terminal and instrumental values on the one hand and teleological and deontological values on the other hand. The investigation further found that specific effective teleological and deontological values are contained in the sources of knowledge of the attorneys' profession. These values can be used to develop a shared value system for the attorneys' profession. The results of the study, based on a limited availability sample indicate that the majority of respondents could not identify the critical value, namely to guard against self-interest. The absence of this value implies touting within the context of this investigation. 4. To identify and describe the ways and means of the transformation of the attorneys' profession from a rule-and-regulation orientation to a value-driven orientation with regard to ethical behaviour. In order to reach this objective, an empirical investigation was undertaken into the perceptions of respondents of a specific availability sample in regard of the existing rules applicable to ethical behaviour and their perception of the Law Societies of South Africa. The empirical investigation in regard to the perceptions show that a substantial portion of the respondents perception of the Law Societies of South Africa is negative - founded on the reality experience that the Law Societies of South Africa is not capable of cracking down on touting. The literature study demonstrates that the attorneys' profession is a learning organisation with an institutional culture. Transformation from a rule-and-regulation orientation to a value-driven orientation in regard to values and ethics, among others, requires a transformation of way of thinking in regard to basic assumptions concerning values and ethics. In summarising, it can be stated that this investigation produced evidence that effective teleological and deontological values are contained in the sources of knowledge of the attorneys' profession, that can be used to create a shared value system for the profession. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Touting, as practised by conveyancers in the four Northern provinces of South Africa, is reaching alarming proportions. Owing to the institutional nature of the attorneys' profession, rules and regulations are applied to establish and manage the ethical behaviour of members of the profession. The question arises as to whether there could be an alternative way of management with a value system and ethical conduct as the underlying principles. According to the organisational behavioural science, the alternative method is to manage an organisation by means of value driven leadership style. The research questions of this study are: 1. Which teleological and deontological values will be suitable as elements of a shared value system for the attorneys' profession? In order to reach this goal, the following objectives are established: 2. To obtain exhaustive knowledge of the concepts 'values' and 'value-driven' by means of a literature study and empirical research in order to understand the phenomenon touting, as practised in the attorneys' profession. This objective was reached through an investigation of the concepts values and value-driven. The focus was particularly on the following aspects: J the development of the concept values J the principles of values and ethics 4 the division and classification of the concept values 4 the role and application of the concept values in management science and J values and leadership Based on the results of the limited availability sample, the empirical findings were that the respondents are ethically sensitive. It is evident that touting is a deliberate and unconstitutional disregard of instrumental and terminal values, and that the promotion of self-interest leads to the detriment of the principal, the profession and the public. 3. To establish the shared values of the attorneys' profession from the perspective of the deontology and teleology. This objective was reached through a literature study into the concepts value driven and shared values. From this investigation, it is evident that a relationship no doubt exists between terminal and instrumental values on the one hand and teleological and deontological values on the other hand. The investigation further found that specific effective teleological and deontological values are contained in the sources of knowledge of the attorneys' profession. These values can be used to develop a shared value system for the attorneys' profession. The results of the study, based on a limited availability sample indicate that the majority of respondents could not identify the critical value, namely to guard against self-interest. The absence of this value implies touting within the context of this investigation. 4. To identify and describe the ways and means of the transformation of the attorneys' profession from a rule-and-regulation orientation to a value-driven orientation with regard to ethical behaviour. In order to reach this objective, an empirical investigation was undertaken into the perceptions of respondents of a specific availability sample in regard of the existing rules applicable to ethical behaviour and their perception of the Law Societies of South Africa. The empirical investigation in regard to the perceptions show that a substantial portion of the respondents perception of the Law Societies of South Africa is negative - founded on the reality experience that the Law Societies of South Africa is not capable of cracking down on touting. The literature study demonstrates that the attorneys' profession is a learning organisation with an institutional culture. Transformation from a rule-and-regulation orientation to a value-driven orientation in regard to values and ethics, among others, requires a transformation of way of thinking in regard to basic assumptions concerning values and ethics. In summarising, it can be stated that this investigation produced evidence that effective teleological and deontological values are contained in the sources of knowledge of the attorneys' profession, that can be used to create a shared value system for the profession. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Les réseaux sans fil multi-saut (WMN : Wireless multi-hop Networks) sont passés du stade de simple curiosité pour revêtir aujourd'hui un intérêt certain aussi bien du point de vue de la communauté de recherche que des opérateurs de réseaux et services. En analysant les services et applications fournis au sein des réseaux WMNs, nous pouvons constater que certaines applications telles que la visioconférence, la VoIP, etc sont sensibles au délai et nécessitent une certaine qualité de service (QoS). D'autres applications telles que le transfert de fichier, le streaming vidéo, etc. sont gourmands en terme d'utilisation de bande passante. Par conséquent, les architectures de communication des réseaux WMNs doivent intégrer des mécanismes de routage efficaces et adaptés pour répondre aux besoins des services et applications envisagés. Dans cette thèse, Nous nous intéressons à la problématique du routage dans les réseaux WMNs. Notre objectif est de proposer une nouvelle approche de routage qui prend en compte différents métriques de coûts. Tout d'abord, nous avons montré que le routage sous contraintes multiples est un problème NP complet et que trois étapes sont nécessaires à la conception d'une nouvelle solution de routage: (i) modélisation de l'interférence, (ii) l'estimation de la de la bande passante restante, (iii) l'estimation du délai à un saut. Suivant cette vision, nous avons proposé deux variantes du protocole de routage OLSR (SP-OLSR, S2P-OLSR) se basant sur la métrique SINR. Les résultats des simulations ont montré l'intérêt de la proposition dans un contexte de communication vocale (VoIP). Ensuite, nous avons proposé un algorithme d'estimation d'interférence à 2 sauts (2-HEAR) afin d'estimer la bande passante disponible. Puis, et sur la base de cet algorithme, nous avons proposé une nouvelle métrique de routage pour les WMNs: Estimated Balanced Capacity (EBC) en vue de parvenir à l'équilibrage de charge entre des différents flux. La dernière question abordée dans cette thèse est celle de l'estimation du délai à un saut. La solution proposée donne une borne du délai en se basant sur un modèle de file d'attente de type G/G/1. Enfin, nous avons englobé toutes les précédentes contributions pour mettre en place une nouvelle approche de routage hybride sous contraintes multiples. Ce protocole comporte une partie proactive utilisant la nouvelle métrique de routage (EBC) et une partie réactive qui permet de prendre en compte le délai relative à une connexion donné. / There is a growing interest in wireless multi-hop networks (WMNs) since there are promising in opening new business opportunity for network operators and service providers. This research field aims at providing wireless communication means to carry different types of applications (FTP, Web browsing, video streaming, in addition to VoIP). Such applications have different constraints and their specific requirements in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) or performance metrics (delay jitter, end-to-end delay). We examine, in this thesis, the problem of routing in WMNs. Our main goal is to propose a new multi-metrics routing capable to fit these particular needs. In this thesis, we make several contributions toward WMN multi-constrained routing. First, we show that the multi-constrained path finding problem is NP-Complete and inherently a cross-layer issue, and that three steps are necessary to design the multi-metric routing protocol: (i) modeling of the inferring signal, (ii) estimation of the remaining bandwidth, (iii) estimation of the one-hop delay. Second, moving in such direction, we propose two enhanced versions of the OLSR routing protocol. The suggested protocols consider the SINR as a routing metric to build a reliable topology graph. Performance evaluation shows that utilizing such routing metric helps to improve significantly the VoIP application quality in the context of ad hoc network while maintaining a reasonable overhead cost. Third, we have proposed a 2-Hop interference Estimation Algorithm (2-HEAR) in order to estimate the available bandwidth. Then, and based on such algorithm, we have proposed a novel routing metric for WMNs: Estimated Balanced Capacity (EBC) in order to achieve load-balancing among the different flows. The next issue tackled in this thesis is the one-hop delay estimation, the one-hop delay is estimated by means of an analytical model based on G/G/1 queue. Finally, we have encompassed all the previous contributions to address our main goal, i.e. the design of a multi-constrained routing protocol for WMNs. A hybrid routing protocol is then proposed. This protocol is a junction of two parts : a proactive part that makes use of the previously estimated constraint, and a reactive part, which is triggered ”on demand” when news applications are expressed.