Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / Purpose.--Toynbee deals with problems of human nature surprisingly often, and it turns out, upon examination, that his philosophy of history has its roots in his concept of man. The purpose of this dissertation is to abstract Toynbee's concept of man from A Study of History and An Historian's Approach to Religion in order to see it synoptically, and to discover if it is essentially coherent and empirical. The dissertation includes a biography of Toynbee (with separate statements regarding his religious faith and purpose in writing A Study of History) and a summary of his philosophy of history. Description of Toynbee's concept of man.--Toynbee accepts the evolutionary emergence of man and believes that, at the same time, man is the creation of a personal Absolute Reality working purposefully in history toward some unknown goal. Human nature has undergone little change since "sub-man" became man. [TRUNCATED]

Issued also as thesis, Munich. / Bibliography: p. [150]-156.

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This thesis examines the international thought of Sir Herbert Butterfield, Arnold J. Toynbee and Martin Wight, commonly portrayed in International Relations as 'realist', 'revolutionist' and 'rationalist' thinkers respectively. Their thought is reconsidered in terms of what they each perceived to be a crisis in the international realm. This perception, it is argued, shaped their distinctive understandings of the contemporary and future state of international relations. In contrast to many of their peers, Butterfield, Toynbee and Wight turned to religion and to history to aid their comprehension of the challenges that international crisis posed, and to help them form and articulate their desired practical responses. This thesis explores in detail both the religious beliefs of each man and their understandings of the nature of the past and historical knowledge, seeking to offer a view of the foundations of their international thought. In the second half, their diagnoses of international crisis are explored, and the responses they put forward to ameliorate it. It is argued that Butterfield, Toynbee and Wight are best not understood as 'realist', 'revolutionist' and 'rationalist', and it is asserted that such categories, far from aiding our understanding of the history of international thought, serve to obscure the nature of each man's work in the field.