Processor address traces are invaluable for characterizing workloads and testing proposed memory hierarchies. Long traces are needed to exercise modern cache designs and produce meaningful results, but are difficult to collect with hardware monitors because microprocessors access memory too frequently for disks or other large storage to keep up. The small, fast buffers of the monitors fill quickly; in order to obtain long contiguous traces, the processor must be stopped while the buffer is emptied. This halting may perturb the traces collected, but this cannot be measured directly, since long uninterrupted traces cannot be collected. We make the case that hardware performance counters, which collect runtime statistics without influencing execution, can be used to measure halting effects. We use the performance counters of the Pentium 4 processor to collect statistics while halting the processor as if traces were being collected. We then compare these results to the statistics obtained from unhalted runs. We present our results in terms of which counters are affected, why, and what this means for trace-collection systems.

Throughout this body of work, three classes of sorbent materials were created and optimized, each designed to selectively capture organics or desired metals from natural water sources. These target species included toxic heavy metals, uranium, rare earths, and simple organics, such as benzene. Each class of sorbent materials is functionalized nanostructured silicas, created by the development of several functionalization methods: utilizing thiol-ene click chemistry, aromatic interactions, and the formation of inclusion complexes. Thiol-ene click surface modification gave rise to sorbent materials with impressive affinities for both soft metals, such as gold, and harder metals, such as uranium and rare earth elements. Applications of these materials for aqueous mining of uranium and rare earth elements from various natural water sources are presented. Two classes of materials based on supramolecular functionalization methods were prepared. In the first class, aromatic interactions allowed for surface functionalization with thiol containing aryl ligands. These materials proved to have an excellent affinity for heavy metals from natural waters, and hold promise for regenerable nanostructured silica sorbents. The second class of materials utilizes the ability of β-cyclodextins to form inclusion complexes with small molecule organics, such as benzene. The formation of inclusion complexes drove both surface functionalization and the capture of small molecule organics from aqueous solutions. This work serves to inspire the development of novel functionalized nanostructured sorbents for trace collection of toxic organics from aqueous streams. These supramolecular methods for surface medication can be expanded to nanomaterials at large. This dissertation includes both previously published/unpublished and co-authored material. / 10000-01-01

De nos jours, la propagation rapide des technologies de communication, de stockage de données et des web services encouragent les entreprises à collaborer entre elles formant ainsi un environnement multi-organisationnels. Ces entreprises participent à cet environnement afin de profiter des opportunités offertes tels que: (1) la possibilité d'utilisation des ressources et des services externes et professionnels (2) la réduction du temps de production et (3) les bénéfices résultant des effets de synergie. Toutefois, cette collaboration n'est pas parfaite. Des nombreux problèmes peuvent apparaître tels que l'utilisation malveillante des ressources, la divulgation des données ou des services inadéquats. Par conséquent, la sécurité est une préoccupation importante des participants. Les principaux défis de sécurité pour un participant sont la gestion de la confiance et le contrôle d'accès. Dans cette thèse, nous avons abordé en particulier ces deux domaines et nous proposons une nouvelle approche de gestion de la confiance pour les systèmes mutli-organisationnels. Notre approche est divisée en quatre parties. Tout d'abord, nous avons défini un modèle de confiance basé sur la notion des vecteurs. Ces derniers sont composés d'un ensemble de paramètres qui permettent de fournir un degré de confiance sous certaines conditions. Dans notre approche, nous envisageons deux types de vecteurs. D'une part, un vecteur lié à une relation entre un utilisateur et une organisation et d'autre part un vecteur qui relie deux organisations. De plus, nous avons montré comment évaluer et partager ces vecteurs entre les organisations, et comment utiliser les informations évaluées pour améliorer la sécurité. Concernant notre deuxième contribution, nous avons intégré ce nouveau modèle de confiance dans le modèle de contrôle d'accès OrBAC (Organization Based Access Control). Cette intégration a donné naissance à notre modèle TRUST-OrBAC. En outre, nous avons appliqué cette solution à un cas d'étude de collaboration entre des entreprises. Troisièmement, nous avons proposé une nouvelle ontologie de confiance basée sur des concepts de contrôle d'accès. Cette ontologie sera utilisée pour partager les degrés de confiance entre les participants et pour définir l'équivalence entre leurs objectifs. Ainsi, comment définir cette relation de confiance, comment comprendre l'objectif de la confiance d'un demandeur, et comment évaluer la valeur de la recommandation sont toutes des problématiques auxquelles nous avons essayé de répondre dans le cadre de ce travail. Quatrièmement, nous avons amélioré notre travail par la conception d'une approche de test passif afin d'évaluer le comportement d'un utilisateur. Cette contribution a été basée sur l'outil de test MMT (Montimage Monitoring Tool). Finalement, nous avons conçu une architecture sécurisée d'un système distribué en se basant sur nos contributions / The widespread of inexpensive communication technologies, distributed data storage and web services mechanisms currently urge the collaboration among organizations. Partners are participating in this environment motivated by several advantages such as: (1) the ability to use external and professional resources, services and knowledge, (2) the reduction of time-consuming requirements and (3) the benefaction of experts experience. However, this collaboration is not perfect since several problems can arise such as the misuse of resources, disclosure of data or inadequate services. Therefore, security is an important concern of the participants. In particular trust management and access control are one of the major security issues for an organization. This thesis addresses these two areas in particular. It proposes a novel and comprehensive trust framework for Multi-Organization Environments. Our approach is organized in four parts. First, we propose a vector based model approach for defining trust vectors. These vectors evaluate a set of requirements, under conditions, and provide a degree of confidence. In our approach, we consider two different types of vectors. On the one hand, a vector that links a user to an organization and, on the other hand, a vector that links two organizations. We also show how these vectors are evaluated and shared among the different organizations, and how we combine the provided trust information in order to enhance the security. Second, the TRUST-OrBAC model was designed to add the previous trust approach to the ORBAC model. Moreover, this solution was applied with a real collaboration network between companies. Third, we present a trust ontology methodology based on access control concepts. This ontology will be used to share the trust beliefs between participants and to make equivalence between their trust objectives. How to define this trust relationship, how to understand the trust objective of a requester, and how to evaluate the recommendation value is addressed in this thesis. Fourth, we improve our work by designing a passive testing approach in order to evaluate the behavior of a user. This contribution is based on the monitoring tool MMT. Finally the entire architecture of our system is proposed

The widespread of inexpensive communication technologies, distributed data storage and web services mechanisms currently urge the collaboration among organizations. Partners are participating in this environment motivated by several advantages such as: (1) the ability to use external and professional resources, services and knowledge, (2) the reduction of time-consuming requirements and (3) the benefaction of experts experience. However, this collaboration is not perfect since several problems can arise such as the misuse of resources, disclosure of data or inadequate services. Therefore, security is an important concern of the participants. In particular trust management and access control are one of the major security issues for an organization. This thesis addresses these two areas in particular. It proposes a novel and comprehensive trust framework for Multi-Organization Environments. Our approach is organized in four parts. First, we propose a vector based model approach for defining trust vectors. These vectors evaluate a set of requirements, under conditions, and provide a degree of confidence. In our approach, we consider two different types of vectors. On the one hand, a vector that links a user to an organization and, on the other hand, a vector that links two organizations. We also show how these vectors are evaluated and shared among the different organizations, and how we combine the provided trust information in order to enhance the security. Second, the TRUST-OrBAC model was designed to add the previous trust approach to the ORBAC model. Moreover, this solution was applied with a real collaboration network between companies. Third, we present a trust ontology methodology based on access control concepts. This ontology will be used to share the trust beliefs between participants and to make equivalence between their trust objectives. How to define this trust relationship, how to understand the trust objective of a requester, and how to evaluate the recommendation value is addressed in this thesis. Fourth, we improve our work by designing a passive testing approach in order to evaluate the behavior of a user. This contribution is based on the monitoring tool MMT. Finally the entire architecture of our system is proposed