The objectives of this research are to examine the demand for processed foods by emerging markets and to assess demand determinants and potential import growth. Processed foods are the fastest growing segment of U.S. agricultural exports and hence it is imperative to understand the underlying factors behind this growth. Based on a “modified gravity model,” we estimate U.S. exports of processed foods to 10 low and middle-income countries from 1980-2002 using fixed effects method. A classical linear regression model estimates U.S. exports to 60 low and middle-income countries. Results from the classical model indicate that population and income have a positive effect on the demand for processed foods by low and middle-income countries. As expected, exchange rates, tariffs and distance have an inverse relationship with U.S. exports. Empirical results from the fixed-effects model are similar, with the exception of population. The empirical results of this research imply that among emerging markets, middle-income countries that have open trade policies and are in relative close proximity to the U.S. offer better opportunities for U.S. exports of processed foods.

This work deals with the foreign trade and economic relations between the Czech Republic and Turkey. Turkey currently belongs to the most perspective developing merkets with high potential of growth. It is situated on the border of the European continent and Muslim part of Asia, thus it is influenced by both of these cultures. Turkish population is mostly Muslim. The essential values, habits and traditions of the Turkish society result from the Islamic philosophy and ideology. On the other hand, the Turkish Muslims are considered among the Islamic nations as the most liberal and open to modern ideas. Due to the legacy of its founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Republic of Turkey is the secular state, which ensures the independency of public affairs on the political influence of the clerical elite. Turkey keeps due to its strategy position very close relations with the Western Europe. It represents the most importanat foreign trade partner of Turkey, but also its economic, political, cultural and social ideal, which inspired Turkey after the downfall of the Ottoman empire when looking for the new identity of the Turkish state. Therefore the Republic of Turkey applied for the association to the European Economic Community just at the end of 1950's. The access negotiation between Turkey and EU started in 2005. However, the prospective membership of Turkey in EU remains very controversial and results in very conflicting reactions of the European population, politicians, non-governmental organizations and various networks. The first part of this work deals with the summary characteristic of Turkey. The second part includes the analysis of the development of foreign trade and economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and Turkey. The second part of this work summarizes the conditions and respective legislation applied in the foreign trade between the Czech Republic and Turkey. It deals with the development of the foreign trade with goods and services (tourism and transportation) and direct foreign investment flow between the countries. It also attends the area of the state support of the Czech export and investment in Turkey. Special chapter is dedicated to the sectors of Turkish economy, which can be considered as most perspective for the Czech exporters and investors, and potential risks that can threaten the success of the Czech trade and investment activities in Turkey.

Глобализация охватывает все новые сферы и меняет суть привычных явлений. Характерной чертой современного этапа развития мирового хозяйства является формирование и распространение трансграничных цепочек стоимости (глобальных и региональных). Одной из мало изученных сфер остается вопрос об интеграции национальной экономики в трансграничных цепочках стоимости в условиях глобализации. На сегодняшний день странам со слабой экономикой как Республика Таджикистан важнейшим источником роста конкурентоспособности отраслей является стимулирование участия в глобальных цепочках стоимости на этапе их формирования. Для этого необходима выработка специфических рекомендаций. Объектом исследования является национальная экономика Республики Таджикистан. Предмет исследования – степень включенности и направление развития национальной экономики в глобальной среде трансграничных цепочек добавленной стоимости. Цель данной работы – формирование теоретико-методических основ и разработка рекомендаций по выстраиванию национальной экономики Республики Таджикистан в трансграничные цепочки стоимости. Во введении обоснована актуальность, цель и задачи исследования. В первой главе рассмотрены сущность и понятие среды трансграничных цепочек стоимости. Изучена концепция национальной экономики в условиях глобализации. Во второй главе проведена комплексная оценка место страны в мировой хозяйственной среде на основании международных индексов, была предложена авторская методика. На основании авторской методики было выявлено участие страны в фрагментации цепочки создания стоимости. В третьей главе проведён мониторинг мнения экспертов, SWOT – анализ о присоединение Республики Таджикистан в ЕАЭС, как способ более глубокого интегрирования в воспроизводственных процессах. А также было изучено несколько Государственных Программ Республики Таджикистан. В Заключении авторами было предложено несколько рекомендаций по поводу дальнейшего развития национальной экономики Республики Таджикистан в трансграничные цепочки стоимости. / Globalization covers all new areas and changes the essence of familiar phenomena. A characteristic feature of the current stage of development of the world economy is the formation and distribution of cross-border value chains (global and regional). One of the little studied areas remains the issue of integrating the national economy in cross-border value chains in the context of globalization. To date, countries with a weak economy as the Republic of Tajikistan, the most important source of growth in the competitiveness of industries is the promotion of participation in global value chains at the stage of their formation. It requires the development of specific recommendations. The object of the research is the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan. The subject of research is the degree of inclusion and direction of development of the national economy in the global environment of cross-border value chains. The purpose of the work is the formation of theoretical and methodological foundations and the development of recommendations for implementing the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan into cross-border value chains. The introduction substantiates the relevance, purpose and objectives of the research. The first chapter discusses the nature and concept of the environment of cross-border value chains. The concept of the national economy in the context of globalization is studied. In the second chapter, a comprehensive assessment of the country's place in the world economic environment on the basis of international indices is carried out; there proposed the methodology based on the author’s methodology, the country's participation in the fragmentation of the value chain is revealed. The third chapter monitors the opinions of experts, SWOT analyzes on the accession of the Republic of Tajikistan to the EAEU as a way of deeper integration in reproduction processes. And also several State Programs of the Republic of Tajikistan are studied. In conclusion, the authors propose several recommendations regarding the further development of the national economy of the Republic of Tajikistan in cross-border value chains.