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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Metal catalysed acyl transfer reactions of amides

Atkinson, Benjamin January 2015 (has links)
The following thesis outlines work carried out during the last three years for the development and investigation of methodologies using amides as N- and O- acylating agents. Chapter 1 highlights the range of methodologies and protocols reported in the literature that use amides as precursors for the synthesis of both functionalised amides and esters. The introduction will highlight the range of catalysts and promoters used as well as the scope of the current methodologies. As well as this it will highlight the limitations of the methodologies so emphasising where the following research fits into these areas. Chapter 2 presents the development of a transamidation methodology using zirconocene dichloride as a catalyst. The scope with respect to functional group tolerance is presented as well as the investigations into the mechanism of the reaction. Chapter 3 builds on the research presented in Chapter 2 and details the development of a more catalytically active zirconocene transamidation methodology. By the addition of a catalytic additive the temperature or time required for the reaction to be carried out could be lowered. Investigations into the mechanism were also carried out highlighting the in situ formation of an active catalytic species. Chapter 4 details the development of an operationally simple methodology for the O-acylation of alcohols using amides. Using a catalytic amount scandium triflate the substrate scope of the reaction was explored with a proposed mechanism presented based on activation of the amide.
2

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of TG2 transglutaminase inhibitors / Conception, synthèse et évaluation biologique des inhibiteurs de la transglutaminase TG2

Fidalgo Lopez, Javier 23 November 2016 (has links)
La transglutaminase tissulaire (TG2) est une enzyme de la famille des transglutaminases (EC 2.3.2.13) qui est exprimée de manière ubiquitaire chez les mammifères. Cette enzyme catalyse la formation d'une liaison amide intra- ou intermoléculaire entre un résidu glutamine et un résidu lysine. Ce processus biologique conduit à la modification post-traductionnelle des protéines. Un nombre croissant de publications associe la surexpression de cette enzyme et la déréglementation de son activité, avec un certain nombre de pathologiques humaines telles que les maladies neurodégénératives (maladie d’Alzheimer, maladie de Huntington, maladie de Parkinson), la fibrose tissulaire, certains cancers et la maladie cœliaque. Le développement d'inhibiteurs puissants et sélectifs de la TG2 est primordial pour identifier soit des outils pharmacologiques pour comprendre les processus biologiques dépendant de cette enzyme ou soit des candidats médicaments pour traiter les pathologies liées à la surexpression de la TG2. La majorité des composés inhibiteurs synthétisés jusqu'à présent agissent en bloquant de manière irréversible la réaction de transamidification de la TG2 en ciblant spécifiquement la cystéine 277 présente dans le site actif de la TG2.L’objectif de ce travail a été d’identifier et de sélectionner des molécules de faible poids moléculaire inhibant de façon sélective et puissante l’activité de transamidification de la TG2. Nous présenterons l’optimisation de deux séries originales de composés (synthèse, études de relation de structure-activité) comportant un noyau aromatique central de type naphtalénique ou indolique et une fonction acrylamide comme accepteur de Michael pour piéger la fonction thiol de la cystéine 277. Un certain nombre de composés synthétisés montre une inhibition nanomolaire de la TG2 (IC50 = 1.7-6 nM) avec un excellent profil de sélectivité vis-à-vis de TG1, TG6 et FXIIIa (IC50 > 10 µM). Ces inhibiteurs inhibent efficacement la TG2 dans des extraits de tissus et de cellules. Aucune toxicité apparente n’a été observée pour des concentrations inférieures à 10 µM d’inhibiteur sur les lignées vSMCs et SH-SY5Y. Les valeurs de KI, kinact et kinact/KI ont été également déterminés sur deux inhibiteurs sélectionnés (23b et 78f) pour leurs activités biologiques. La formation d’une liaison covalente entre la cystéine 277 de la TG2 et ces deux inhibiteurs a été prouvée par digestion trypsique suivie d’une analyse LC-MS/MS / Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme of the mammalian transglutaminase (TG) family which catalyzes the formation of an intra- or inter-molecular isopeptide bond between a glutamine and a lysine, leading to the post-translational modification of proteins. An increasing number of literature has associated the over-expression of this enzyme, and the deregulation of its activity, with a number of human physio-pathological states like neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease), tissue fibrosis, certain cancers, and celiac disease. The development of potent and selective TG2 inhibitors has become primordial to reach either a pharmacological probe, to understand the biological processes that depend on this enzyme, or a drug candidate, to treat the pathologies related with its overexpression. The majority of the inhibitory compounds synthesized so far act by irreversibly blocking the transamidation reaction of TG2. These TG2 inhibitors specifically target the cysteine 277 present in the TG2 active site. The aim of this work was the identification and selection of new potent and selective small molecules to inhibit the TG2 transamidation activity. We present the optimization of two new series of compounds (synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies) bearing naphthalene or indole aromatic rings as the central backbone structure. Both series present an acrylamide group as the Michael acceptor in order to react with the thiol group of cysteine 277. Several of the synthesized compounds showed a nanomolar inhibition over TG2 (1.7-6 nM) with an excellent selectivity profile over TG1, TG6 and FXIIIa (IC50 > 10 µM). These inhibitors showed high specificity on inhibiting TG2 in tissue and cell extracts. No apparent toxicity up to 10 µM was observed in vSMCs and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Their KI, kinact et kinact/KI were also determined on two selected inhibitors (23b and 78f) for their biological activities. The formation of a covalent bond between the cysteine 277 of TG2 and these two inhibitors was proven by tryptic digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis

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