A search for diphoton events with large missing transverse energy is conducted using 3.1 pb^{-1} of integrated luminosity of proton-proton collisions at center of mass energy \sqrt{s}=7 TeV. The data were collected with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider during the period from March 30, 2010 until August 30, 2010. No excess of such events is observed above the Standard Model background prediction. This result is interpreted in the context of a gravity mediated One Universal Extra Dimension model with \Lambda R=20, N=6 and M_{D}=5 TeV, where \Lambda is the cutoff scale, N is the number of large extra dimensions and M_{D} is the Planck scale in the higher dimensional theory. The compactification radius of the Universal Extra Dimension, R, is excluded for values of 1/R < 728 GeV at 95\% CL, providing the most stringent limit on this model at the time of publication.

A search for diphoton events with large missing transverse energy is conducted using 3.1 pb^{-1} of integrated luminosity of proton-proton collisions at center of mass energy \sqrt{s}=7 TeV. The data were collected with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider during the period from March 30, 2010 until August 30, 2010. No excess of such events is observed above the Standard Model background prediction. This result is interpreted in the context of a gravity mediated One Universal Extra Dimension model with \Lambda R=20, N=6 and M_{D}=5 TeV, where \Lambda is the cutoff scale, N is the number of large extra dimensions and M_{D} is the Planck scale in the higher dimensional theory. The compactification radius of the Universal Extra Dimension, R, is excluded for values of 1/R < 728 GeV at 95\% CL, providing the most stringent limit on this model at the time of publication.

Les premières années d’opération du LHC à 7 et 8 TeV ont permis de tester de nombreux aspects du modèle standard (MS) de la physique des particules avec comme point d’orgue la découverte d’un boson scalaire compatible avec celui du MS. Cependant, malgré son succès, le MS n’explique pas tout. De nombreux modèles essayent donc de combler les manques du MS et certains requièrent un secteur scalaire étendu. Cette thèse étudie ce secteur scalaire et présente en particulier la recherche d’un nouveau boson scalaire massif en utilisant les 35,9 fb-1 de données récoltées au LHC à 13 TeV en 2016. Cette recherche se concentre sur le processus H→ZZ→2l2ν où l est un electron ou un muon, et ν un neutrino. Une analyse statistique des distributions de masse transverse du boson (Z→l^+ l^-) reconstruit et de l’énergie transverse manquante est réalisée en catégories de jets et de saveurs de lepton après une sélection des événements dans le but de faire sortir un signal potentiel par rapport aux bruits de fond. Divers scenarios de masse, largeur et de mode de productions sont testés pour un boson scalaire H et aucun excès significatif n’est observé dans les données pour une gamme de masses allant de 300 GeV à 3 TeV. Des limites supérieures à 95% de niveau de confiance sur la section efficace σ(pp→H→ZZ) sont établies. Ces résultats sont combinés avec deux autres canaux étudiés par la collaboration CMS :H→ZZ→4l et H→ZZ→2l2q, où q représente un quark. Cette combinaison est publiée (CMS Collaboration, « Search for a new scalar resonance decaying to a pair of Zbosons in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV », JHEP, vol. 06, pp. 127,2018) et aucun excès significatif n’est observé dans les données pour des masses entre 130 GeV et 3 TeV. Un bruit de fond majeur pour cette analyse est le bruit de fond instrumental Z+jets. Son estimation est faite non pas par simulation mais en utilisant les données récoltées par CMS. Un chapitre entier est dédié à l’étude de ce bruit de fond et les incertitudes sur celui-ci sont estimées en détails pour la première fois. En particulier les sources d’incertitudes sont divisées en celles d’origine statistique, systématique et celles inhérentes à la méthode d’estimation de ce bruit de fond. Elles sont respectivement de l’ordre de 50%, 50% et 10%. / The first years of operation of the LHC at 7 and 8TeV (run 1) allowed to probemany aspects of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, confirming many predictions up to a high level of precision. An awaited event was the discovery of a scalar boson compatible with the SM in 2012. However, despite its success, the SM cannot explain everything on its own. Models going beyond the SM try to address such issues, and in particular classes of BSM theories require an extended scalar sector.The scope of this thesis falls within the direct search for heavy BSM scalar boson(H) using 35,9 fb-1 of data taken at LHC at 13TeV during 2016 operations. Inparticular, the thesis focuses on H→ZZ→2l2ν where l is an electron or a muon, and ν a neutrino.A statistical analysis of the transversemass distributions of the reconstructed Z boson and the missing transverse energy isperformed in categories of jet and lepton flavour after selecting events in order to enhancethe number of potential signal events in comparison to background events. Variousscenarii of masses, widths and production mechanisms (gluon fusion and vector boson fusion) are tested and no excess is observed in data compared to backgroundestimations for a scalar mass between 300 GeV and 3TeV. Upper exclusion limits onthe cross section of a potential signal are set using the CLs method.The results of this analysis are combined with two other channels studied by theCMS collaboration: H→ZZ→4l and H→ZZ→2l2q, where q is a quark.This combinationhas been published (CMS Collaboration, « Search for a new scalar resonance decaying to a pair of Zbosons in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV », JHEP, vol. 06, pp. 127,2018) and no significanthint for BSM physics is observed for a scalar mass between 130 GeV and 3TeV.A critical background to control for this analysis is the Z+jet background. Its estimation is done using a data-driven method.A full chapter is dedicated to the study of this background. The present thesis is the first time that the uncertainties on the data-driven estimationof the Z+jet background are estimated in detail. Uncertainties are dividedinto statistical uncertainties, systematic uncertainties and uncertainties inherent to themethod, the latter being computed from a closure test of the method and evaluated to10%. The relative statistical and systematic uncertainties are both of the order of 50%. / Option Physique du Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A física de altas energias, mais especificamente o estudo de colisões entre de íons pesados relativísticos tem como objetivo o estudo do comportamento de quarks e glúons em condições extremas de temperatura, pressão e densidade. Tais condições levam à formação de um novo estado da matéria chamado Plasma de Quarks e Glúons (QGP, do inglês Quark-Gluon Plasma). Medidas de observáveis globais tem sido usadas como uma importante ferramenta para a caracterização desse novo estado. Entre esses observáveis, a energia transversal por unidade de rapidez (dET/dy) das partículas emitidas em uma colisão entre íons pesados pode ser usada como evidência da formação do QGP. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento para obtenção da energia transversal eletromagnética, que é um importante componente da energia transversal total, em colisões Pb-Pb no experimento ALICE no LHC. O estudo foi feito através de simulações de Monte Carlo e validou o procedimento proposto com uma diferença sistemática em função da centralidade em torno de 2%. / High energy physics with heavy ion collisions studies quarks and gluons under extreme conditions of temperature, pressure and density. Such conditions lead to the formation of a new state of matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The measurement of global observables have been used as an important tool for the characterization of this new state. Among these observables, the transverse energy per unit of rapidity (dET/dy) from particles emitted in a heavy ion collision can be used as evidence of QGP formation. The work proposes a procedure to obtain the transverse electromagnetic energy, an important component of total transverse energy, in Pb-Pb collisions measured by the LHC-ALICE experiment. The study was done using Monte Carlo simulations, and validated the proposed procedure with a systematic difference as function of the centrality around 2%.

A sample of $ L dt = 3.67 pb{-1} of minimum bias events observed using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at $\s=7 TeV is analyzed for Missing Transverse Energy (MET) response in the presence of in-time pile-up. We find that the MET resolution ($\sigma_\text{X,Y}$) is consistent with a simple model of the detector response for minimum bias events, scaling with respect to the sum of the scalar energy ($\sum E_\text{T}$) as $\sigma_\text{X,Y}=A\sqrt{\sum E_\text{T} }$. This behavior is observed in the presence of in-time pile-up and does not vary with global calibration schemes. We find a bias in the mean ($\mu_\text{X,Y}$) of the MET that is linear with respect to $\sum E_\text{T}$, leading to an asymmetry in the $\phi_\text{X,Y}$ distribution of the MET. We propose an explanation for this problem in terms of a misalignment of the nominal center of the ATLAS detector with respect to its real center. We contrast the data with a Monte Carlo sample produced using PYTHIA. We find that the resolution, bias and asymmetry are all approximately reproduced in simulation. / Graduate

A física de altas energias, mais especificamente o estudo de colisões entre de íons pesados relativísticos tem como objetivo o estudo do comportamento de quarks e glúons em condições extremas de temperatura, pressão e densidade. Tais condições levam à formação de um novo estado da matéria chamado Plasma de Quarks e Glúons (QGP, do inglês Quark-Gluon Plasma). Medidas de observáveis globais tem sido usadas como uma importante ferramenta para a caracterização desse novo estado. Entre esses observáveis, a energia transversal por unidade de rapidez (dET/dy) das partículas emitidas em uma colisão entre íons pesados pode ser usada como evidência da formação do QGP. Este trabalho propõe um procedimento para obtenção da energia transversal eletromagnética, que é um importante componente da energia transversal total, em colisões Pb-Pb no experimento ALICE no LHC. O estudo foi feito através de simulações de Monte Carlo e validou o procedimento proposto com uma diferença sistemática em função da centralidade em torno de 2%. / High energy physics with heavy ion collisions studies quarks and gluons under extreme conditions of temperature, pressure and density. Such conditions lead to the formation of a new state of matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP). The measurement of global observables have been used as an important tool for the characterization of this new state. Among these observables, the transverse energy per unit of rapidity (dET/dy) from particles emitted in a heavy ion collision can be used as evidence of QGP formation. The work proposes a procedure to obtain the transverse electromagnetic energy, an important component of total transverse energy, in Pb-Pb collisions measured by the LHC-ALICE experiment. The study was done using Monte Carlo simulations, and validated the proposed procedure with a systematic difference as function of the centrality around 2%.

No description available.

O objetivo de investigar colisões de íons pesados no regime relativístico é de estudar os quarks e glúons em condições extremas de pressão, densidade e temperatura, reproduzindo as condições da matéria nos instantes iniciais da formação do universo. Nesse trabalho, a energia transversal ET foi investigada para colisões Au+Au no experimento STAR no RHIC a energias de feixe no intervalo de 7.7 à 200 GeV. A dependência do ET normalizado pelo número de participantes em função da centralidade e energia de colisão foi medida, bem como a dependência do ET dividido pela densidade de partículas carregadas em função da energia de colisão para colisões centrais. Os resultados desse estudo indicam que para energias menores do que 7.7 GeV, a energia transversal média por unidade de carga produzida varia significativamente com o aumento da energia de colisão, atingindo o limite de saturação para o intervalo de energias maiores do que 7.7 GeV, onde essa razão passa a ser praticamente constante em função da energia de colisão. Por fim, a componente eletromagnética da energia transversal também foi medida, e os resultados indicam que para as energias mais baixas o estado final é dominado por bárions, ao passo que para altas energias o mesmo é dominado por mésons. / The goal of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is to study the behavior of quarks and gluons under extreme conditions of pressure, density and temperature, such as those expected to have existed in the the beginning of the universe. In this work, the transverse energy ET was investigated for Au+Au collisions measured with the STAR experiment at RHIC with beam energies from 7.7 to 200 GeV. The centrality and collision energy dependence of ET per number of participants was measured, as well as the energy dependence for the ET per charged particles in central collisions. The results indicate that for collision energies less than 7.7 GeV the average transverse energy per unit charge varies significantly with increasing collision energy, reaching the saturation limit for energies higher than 7.7 GeV, where this ratio becomes almost constant. The electromagnetic fraction of the total ET was estimated, and the results are in agreement with a final state dominated by baryons, for lower energies, and a meson dominated state for higher energies.

Detector mis-modelling or hardware problems may cause an excess of Missing Transverse Energy (MET) to be inferred in physics events recorded in ATLAS, leading to higher than expected backgrounds for new physics. In particular, non-Gaussian tails in the MET distribution are unlikely to be well modelled in Monte Carlo simulations. To account for this, a technique has been established to improve the background predictions derived from Monte Carlo simulations. This is done using a correction derived through comparison of control samples in data and Monte Carlo simulation. Two different control samples are used to create the correction, giving a range of predictions for the shape of the MET tail and aiding the calculation of systematic errors. This technique is then applied to several samples which are potential backgrounds to new physics which give detector signatures which include MET. / Graduate

O objetivo de investigar colisões de íons pesados no regime relativístico é de estudar os quarks e glúons em condições extremas de pressão, densidade e temperatura, reproduzindo as condições da matéria nos instantes iniciais da formação do universo. Nesse trabalho, a energia transversal ET foi investigada para colisões Au+Au no experimento STAR no RHIC a energias de feixe no intervalo de 7.7 à 200 GeV. A dependência do ET normalizado pelo número de participantes em função da centralidade e energia de colisão foi medida, bem como a dependência do ET dividido pela densidade de partículas carregadas em função da energia de colisão para colisões centrais. Os resultados desse estudo indicam que para energias menores do que 7.7 GeV, a energia transversal média por unidade de carga produzida varia significativamente com o aumento da energia de colisão, atingindo o limite de saturação para o intervalo de energias maiores do que 7.7 GeV, onde essa razão passa a ser praticamente constante em função da energia de colisão. Por fim, a componente eletromagnética da energia transversal também foi medida, e os resultados indicam que para as energias mais baixas o estado final é dominado por bárions, ao passo que para altas energias o mesmo é dominado por mésons. / The goal of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is to study the behavior of quarks and gluons under extreme conditions of pressure, density and temperature, such as those expected to have existed in the the beginning of the universe. In this work, the transverse energy ET was investigated for Au+Au collisions measured with the STAR experiment at RHIC with beam energies from 7.7 to 200 GeV. The centrality and collision energy dependence of ET per number of participants was measured, as well as the energy dependence for the ET per charged particles in central collisions. The results indicate that for collision energies less than 7.7 GeV the average transverse energy per unit charge varies significantly with increasing collision energy, reaching the saturation limit for energies higher than 7.7 GeV, where this ratio becomes almost constant. The electromagnetic fraction of the total ET was estimated, and the results are in agreement with a final state dominated by baryons, for lower energies, and a meson dominated state for higher energies.