The performance of the ATLAS missing transverse momentum (ETmiss) high-level trigger during 2015 operation is presented. In 2015, the Large Hadron Collider operated at a higher centre-of-mass energy and shorter bunch spacing (sqrt(s) = 13 TeV and 25 ns, respectively) than in previous operation. In future operation, the Large Hadron Collider will operate at even higher instantaneous luminosity (O(10^34 cm^−2 s^−1)) and produce a higher average number of interactions per bunch crossing, <mu>. These operating conditions will pose significant challenges to the ETmiss trigger efficiency and rate. An overview of the new algorithms implemented to address these challenges, and of the existing algorithms is given. An integrated luminosity of 1.4 fb^−1 with <mu> = 14 was collected from pp collisions of the Large Hadron Collider by the ATLAS detector during October and November 2015 and was used to study the efficiency, correlation with offline reconstruction, and rates of the trigger algorithms. The performance was found to be satisfactory. From these studies, recommendations for future operating specifications of the trigger were made. / Graduate / 0798, / jchiu@uvic.ca

Many interesting physical processes produce non-interacting particles that could only be measured using the missing transverse momentum. The increase of the proton beam intensity in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) provides sensitivity to rare physics processes while inevitably increasing the number of simultaneous proton collisions in each event. The missing transverse momentum (MET) is a variable of great interest, defined as the negative sum of the transverse momentum of all visible particles. The precision of the MET determination deteriorates as the complexity of the recorded data escalates. Given the current complexity of data analysis, a new algorithm is developed to effectively determine the MET. Several well-understood physics processes were used to test the effectiveness of the newly designed algorithm. The performance of the new algorithm is also compared to that of the standard algorithm used in the ATLAS experiment. / Graduate

Dans le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules, la théorie de l’interaction forte, la chromodynamique quantique (QCD), est une théorie de jauge de groupe de symétrie SU (Nc) par rapport au nombre quantique de couleur. QCD obéit à la propriété de liberté asymptotique, permettant le calcul d’observables physiques à haute énergie en utilisant la QCD perturbative (pQCD). Cette thèse traite de la description en pQCD des taux de production de hadrons dans les collisions hadroniques à haute énergie, en vue d’applications à la phénoménologie des collisions proton-noyau et noyau-noyau dans les collisionneurs de hadrons (RHIC, LHC), où des effets nucléaires (shadowing, perte d’énergie partonique, élargissement de l’impulsion transverse) entrent en jeu. Dans une première partie, j’étudie l’élargissement de l’impulsion transverse d’un système de partons énergétiques traversant un noyau, en mettant l’accent sur la structure de couleur du processus. Un cadre théorique basé sur le formalisme des dipôles est utilisé, et une équation cinétique est dérivée pour la distribution en impulsion transverse de la paire de partons, en demandant que cette paire soit dans un état de couleur donné (représentation irréductible de SU (Nc)) à la fois dans l’état initial et dans l’état final. La structure de couleur est codée dans un opérateur d’évolution de couleur, qui est obtenu pour tout type de paire de partons. Pour une paire compacte de petite taille, la dérivation donne une interprétation physique claire du processus d’élargissement de l’impulsion transverse. Dans une deuxième partie, je discute la matrice de dimension anormale Q, qui est formellement analogue à l’opérateur d’évolution précédent, et qui apparaît lors de l’ étude du rayonnement de gluons mous associé à une diffusion partonique dure 2 −> 2. Il a été remarqué que la matrice Q associée à gg −> gg a une symétrie surprenante (reliant les degrés de liberté externe et interne). J’ai développé des outils pour dériver les matrices Q associées à des diffusions 2 −> 2 impliquant des partons généralisés, afin d’explorer si la symétrie observée pour gg −> gg est fortuite ou non. / In the Standard Model of particle physics,the theory of the strong interaction, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), is a gauge theory of symmetry group SU (Nc) with respect to the color quantum number. QCD obeys the property of asymptotic freedom, allowing the computation of high-energy physical observables using perturbative QCD (pQCD). This thesis deals with the pQCD description of hadron production rates in high-energy hadronic collisions, in view of applications to the phenomenology of proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at hadron colliders (RHIC,LHC), where so-called nuclear effects (shadowing, parton energy loss, transverse momentum broadening) come into play. In a first part, I study the transverse broadening of an energetic parton system crossing a nucleus, putting emphasis on the color structure of the process. A theoretical setup based on the dipole formalism is used,and a kinetic equation is derived for the parton pair transverse momentum distribution, requiring the parton pair to be in a given color state (SU (Nc) irreducible representation) both in the initial and final state. The color structure is encoded in a color evolution operator, which is obtained for any type of parton pair. For a small-size compact pair, the derivation yields a transparent physical interpretation of the pair transverse broadening process. In a second part, I discuss the soft anomalous dimension matrix Q, which is formally analogous to the previous evolution operator, and which appears when studying soft gluon radiation associated to 2 −> 2 hard parton scattering. It has been noticed that the Q-matrix associated to gg −> gg has a surprising symmetry (relating external and internal degrees of freedom). I developed tools to derive the Q-matrices associated to2 −> 2 scatterings involving generalized partons, in order to explore if the symmetry observed for gg −> gg is fortuitous or not.

This thesis presents phenomenological studies of a state-of-the-art NNLL+NLO theoretical calculation of a novel collider observable known as 'phi star'. In these studies the 'phi star' observable, a measure of azimuthal decorrelation, is applied directly to the leptons in the production of massive lepton pairs in hadron collisions (the Drell-Yan process). This provides an alternate measure of the recoil of the massive vector boson (Z/gamma) against initial state QCD radiation, but with distinct experimental advantages over the traditional boson transverse momentum. Attention is focused on the small-'phi star' regime (the quasi-back-to-back regime) where the infrared dynamics of soft/collinear gluon emissions become important. These phenomenological studies are followed up with the presentation of a measurement of 'phi star' in 'Z to mu mu' events using 20.3 fb^-1 of collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment in 2012. Finally, studies directly related to the ATLAS absolute luminosity calibration by the van der Meer (vdM) method are presented, with the objective of elucidating the role of transverse linear beam correlation. In particular, I present studies using an analytical method I have developed in order to precisely extract individual beam information by way of studying phenomena pertaining to the luminous region during vdM scans. In addition, a dedicated study of the long- and short-term stabilities of the principal detectors for luminosity monitoring is also presented, along with an appropriate recalibration of these detectors.

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Várias propriedades das colisões de partículas hadrônicas são bem descritas pela teoria termodinâmica de Hagedorn para hádrons altamente excitados (em inglês, fireballs) [1]. Uma destas propriedades é a distribuição dos momentos das partículas decorrentes da colisão. O modelo estatístico desenvolvido por Hagedorn se mostra em concordância com dados experimentais produzidos em colisões cuja energia no centro de massa é relativamente baixa (sqrt(s) < 10 GeV ), mas começa a apresentar falhas descrições com o aumento de sqrt(s) [2]. Todavia, esta teoria foi generalizada usando um formalismo termodinâmico não-extensivo proposto por Tsallis [3] [4] [5] que tem se mostrado útil no ajuste dos dados experimentais. Essa generalização tem sido bem sucedida na descrição da distribuição dos momentos transversais obtidos para colisões de partículas ultra-relativísticas. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender os aspectos estatísticos envolvidos nas colisões de partículas em altas energias, este trabalho constituiu no estudo, do ponto de vista macroscópico, da produção e distribuição de partículas em colisões relativísticas, utilizando-se das ferramentas estatísticas desenvolvidas pela mecânica elaborada por Hagedorn e sua generalização. Ao analisar os resultados, que são apresentados logo a seguir, tornou-se um dos objetivos deste projeto denotar que as propriedades das teorias indicadas anteriormente (especialmente a generalização de Hagedorn) podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas na descrição e fornecimento de propriedades do meio em colisões de partículas em condições extremas. / Many properties of hadron particles collisions are well described by Hagedorn thermodynamical theory for highly excited hadrons or fireballs [1]. One of these properties is the momentum distribution of secondary particles produced. Hagedorns statistical model is in good agreement with experimental data for collision with sqrt(s) < 10 GeV [2], but it starts to show failed descriptions for higher sqrt(s) [2]. However, this theory was generalized by using a non-extensive thermodynamics formalism proposed by Tsallis [3] [4] [5], which has been useful to fit experimental data. Such generalization has been successful in describing transverse momentum distributions obtained in ultra-relativistic particles collisions. Within the purpose of comprehending the statistical aspects involved in collisions of particles in high energies, this work constitutes, in a macroscopic point of view, a study of production and distribution of particles in relativistic collisions, through the use of statistical tools developed by Hagedorns mechanics and its generalization. In analysing results (to be shown later), it became a purpose to denote that the proprieties of the previously indicated theories (especially Hagedorns generalization) may be used as appropriate tools in describing and providing environment properties in particles collisions in extreme conditions.

Várias propriedades das colisões de partículas hadrônicas são bem descritas pela teoria termodinâmica de Hagedorn para hádrons altamente excitados (em inglês, fireballs) [1]. Uma destas propriedades é a distribuição dos momentos das partículas decorrentes da colisão. O modelo estatístico desenvolvido por Hagedorn se mostra em concordância com dados experimentais produzidos em colisões cuja energia no centro de massa é relativamente baixa (sqrt(s) < 10 GeV ), mas começa a apresentar falhas descrições com o aumento de sqrt(s) [2]. Todavia, esta teoria foi generalizada usando um formalismo termodinâmico não-extensivo proposto por Tsallis [3] [4] [5] que tem se mostrado útil no ajuste dos dados experimentais. Essa generalização tem sido bem sucedida na descrição da distribuição dos momentos transversais obtidos para colisões de partículas ultra-relativísticas. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender os aspectos estatísticos envolvidos nas colisões de partículas em altas energias, este trabalho constituiu no estudo, do ponto de vista macroscópico, da produção e distribuição de partículas em colisões relativísticas, utilizando-se das ferramentas estatísticas desenvolvidas pela mecânica elaborada por Hagedorn e sua generalização. Ao analisar os resultados, que são apresentados logo a seguir, tornou-se um dos objetivos deste projeto denotar que as propriedades das teorias indicadas anteriormente (especialmente a generalização de Hagedorn) podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas na descrição e fornecimento de propriedades do meio em colisões de partículas em condições extremas. / Many properties of hadron particles collisions are well described by Hagedorn thermodynamical theory for highly excited hadrons or fireballs [1]. One of these properties is the momentum distribution of secondary particles produced. Hagedorns statistical model is in good agreement with experimental data for collision with sqrt(s) < 10 GeV [2], but it starts to show failed descriptions for higher sqrt(s) [2]. However, this theory was generalized by using a non-extensive thermodynamics formalism proposed by Tsallis [3] [4] [5], which has been useful to fit experimental data. Such generalization has been successful in describing transverse momentum distributions obtained in ultra-relativistic particles collisions. Within the purpose of comprehending the statistical aspects involved in collisions of particles in high energies, this work constitutes, in a macroscopic point of view, a study of production and distribution of particles in relativistic collisions, through the use of statistical tools developed by Hagedorns mechanics and its generalization. In analysing results (to be shown later), it became a purpose to denote that the proprieties of the previously indicated theories (especially Hagedorns generalization) may be used as appropriate tools in describing and providing environment properties in particles collisions in extreme conditions.