Neste trabalho estudamos a aplicabilidade dos conceitos de autoconsistência de R. Hagedorn e de não-extensividade de acordo com a estatística de Tsallis. Estes dois conceitos podem ser associados de acordo com a teoria autoconsistente não-extensiva. A análise dos dados de distribuição de momento tranversal e do espectro de massa de hádrons permite testar a aplicabilidade desses conceitos, e neste trabalho desenvolvemos esta análise para dados obtidos em colisões pp em energias ultrarelativísticas. Os resultados obtidos nessas análises confirmam a idéia de Hagedorn da existência de uma temperatura limite para sistemas hadrônicos e também é observado uma ótima descrição do espectro de massa hadrônico pela da TACNE. Parte dos resultados deste trabalho está publicada na Physical Review D 87, 114022 (2013). / In this work, we study the applicability of the concepts of self-consistency by R. Hagedorn and non-exntensivity according to the Tsallis statistic. These two concepts can be associeted in accordance with the self-consistency non-extensive theory. The analysis of distribution data of transverse momentum and mass spectrum allows hadron test applicability of these concepts, and in this work we developed this analysis for data obtained from pp collisions at ultrarelativistic energies. The results of these analysis support the ideia of the existence of a Hagedorns temperature threshold for hadronic systems and a very good description of the hadroic mass spectrum by the self-consistency non-extensive theory is also verified. Part of this work is published in Physical Review D 87, 114022 (2013).

Neste trabalho estudamos a aplicabilidade dos conceitos de autoconsistência de R. Hagedorn e de não-extensividade de acordo com a estatística de Tsallis. Estes dois conceitos podem ser associados de acordo com a teoria autoconsistente não-extensiva. A análise dos dados de distribuição de momento tranversal e do espectro de massa de hádrons permite testar a aplicabilidade desses conceitos, e neste trabalho desenvolvemos esta análise para dados obtidos em colisões pp em energias ultrarelativísticas. Os resultados obtidos nessas análises confirmam a idéia de Hagedorn da existência de uma temperatura limite para sistemas hadrônicos e também é observado uma ótima descrição do espectro de massa hadrônico pela da TACNE. Parte dos resultados deste trabalho está publicada na Physical Review D 87, 114022 (2013). / In this work, we study the applicability of the concepts of self-consistency by R. Hagedorn and non-exntensivity according to the Tsallis statistic. These two concepts can be associeted in accordance with the self-consistency non-extensive theory. The analysis of distribution data of transverse momentum and mass spectrum allows hadron test applicability of these concepts, and in this work we developed this analysis for data obtained from pp collisions at ultrarelativistic energies. The results of these analysis support the ideia of the existence of a Hagedorns temperature threshold for hadronic systems and a very good description of the hadroic mass spectrum by the self-consistency non-extensive theory is also verified. Part of this work is published in Physical Review D 87, 114022 (2013).

This dissertation presents a search for dark matter particles produced in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions. The dataset consists of 139 fb^{-1} of collision events with centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, and was collected by the ATLAS detector from 2015-2018 at the Large Hadron Collider. Signal region events are required to contain a Z boson that decays leptonically to either e^+e^- or μ^+μ^-, and a significant amount of missing transverse momentum, which indicates the presence of undetected particles. Two types of dark matter models are studied: (1) simplified models with an s-channel axial-vector or vector mediator that couples to dark matter Dirac fermions, and (2) two-Higgs-doublet models with an additional pseudo-scalar that couples to dark matter Dirac fermions. The main Standard Model background sources are ZZ, WZ, non-resonant l^+l^-, and Z+jets processes, which are estimated using a combination of data and/or simulation. A new reweighting technique is developed for estimating the Z+jets background using γ+jets events in data; the resulting estimate significantly improves on the statistical and systematic errors compared to the estimate obtained from simulation. The observed data in the signal region are compared to Standard Model prediction using a transverse mass discriminant distribution. No significant excess in data is observed for the simplified models and two-Higgs-doublet models studied. A statistical analysis is performed and several exclusion limits are set on the parameters of the dark matter models. Results are compared to direct detection experiments, the CMS experiment, and other ATLAS searches. Prospects and improvements for future iterations of the search are also presented. / Graduate

Lorsqu'un boson Z de haute impulsion se désintègre en paire e+e-, l'électron et le positron laissent des traces très rapprochées l'une de l'autre, ce qui rend la reconstruction de ce processus peu efficace. L'identification de signature leptoniques d'évènements massifs issus de théories telles l'extension du groupe de jauge électrofaible SU(2)_1 x SU(2)_2 x U(1) pour ajouter des bosons massifs W' et Z' se couplant directement aux bosons vectoriels et aux fermions du modèle standard est important dans l'optique de recherche de nouvelle physique puisque les états finaux leptoniques fournissent le canal de détection de plus pur. Ici, un outil d'identification des paires d'électron-positron issues de bosons Z à haute impulsion basé uniquement sur les variables décrivant les jets est développé en se basant sur des simulations d'évènements massifs produits dans le détecteur ATLAS du LHC au CERN. Une étude topologique des évènements candidats est portée dans un ensemble d'échantillons Monte Carlo. Une série de coupures rectangulaires est optimisée sur un échantillon de bosons Z produits avec une haute impulsion. L'efficacité de reconstruction des paires d'électron-positron est maximisée. Cinq sources de bruit de fonds ont été soumises aux critères de sélection pour l'étude de la suppression du bruit de fonds. Finalement l'outil développé est comparé à l'identification de paires d'électron-positron basé sur la reconstruction usuelle d'objets leptoniques au LHC. Cette comparaison met en évidence le gain significatif de l'outil développé, atteignant une efficacité de reconstruction de 93% dans des échantillons Monte Carlo à haute énergie, avec un bruit de fond négligeable. / When a Z boson with high transverse momentum desintegrates into an e+e- pair, the electron and the positron leave nearly superimposed tracks which makes the detection process very difficult. The identification of massive events arising from theories like the extension of the electroweak gauge group SU(2)_1 x SU(2)_2 x U(1) leading to the existence of massive W' and Z' bosons coupling directly to standard model vector bosons and fermions is more readily performed through leptonic channel. Here, a series of rectangular cuts comprising a purely jet substructure based electron positron pair arising from the decay of a Z boson identification in boosted topologies (p_T(Z)>1TeV) is presented. The selection process of the cuts is done through a topology study of candidate events in various Monte Carlo simulation samples. The reconstruction efficiency of the electron-positron pairs is maximised. Five background sources were tested against the selection criteria to study the background rejection efficiency of the methodology. Finally, it is found that the reconstruction tool developped nearly triples electron positron identification, reaching 93% efficiency in high energy Monte Carlo samples, with insignificant background noise.

La première mesure du spectre en phi*_eta du boson Z à 7 TeV a été réalisée dans cette thèse. Cette variable permet de sonder la dynamique de production des Z de façon fine. L’échantillon complet des données enregistrées par ATLAS en 2011 a été utilisé ce qui correspond à 4.7/fb de luminosité intégrée. Les résultats de cette mesure sont publiés dans la Ref. [18] fondé sur la note interne Ref. [69]. La section efficace différentielle de Z->ee en fonction phi*_eta a été mesurée et comparée aux calculs perturbatifs à ordre fixé, avec/sans resommation pour la région des petits phi*_eta. Le code RESBOS fournit la meilleure description des données, cependant il est incapable de reproduire, à mieux de 4%, la forme détaillée de la section efficace mesurée. La section efficace différentielle a également été comparée aux prédictions de différents générateurs Monte Carlo interfacés avec un algorithme de parton shower. Les meilleures descriptions du spectre en phi*_eta mesuré sont données par les générateurs SHERPA et POWHEG+PYTHIA8. La mesure précise de la section efficace différentielle en phi*_eta fournit des informations précieuses pour l’ajustement des codes Monte Carlo. La précision expérimentale typique de cette mesure (~0.5%) est dix fois meilleure que la précision des calculs théoriques et elle est donc aussi précieuse pour contraindre la théorie. La mesure du spectre en ptZ a également été faite pour quantifier l’incertitude systématique de cette mesure en utilisant la grande statistique de l’échantillon de données. Cela permet de comparer deux mesures qui traitent de l’impulsion transverse du boson Z. Dans la plupart du domaine en phi*_eta l’incertitude systématique de la mesure de ptZ est deux fois plus grande que celle de la mesure de phi*_eta. Cette comparaison confirme l’intérêt de la variable phi*_eta. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse ont beaucoup d’implications pour les études futures. Ajustant les générateurs Monte Carlo en utilisant les résultats de la mesure précise du spectre en phi*_eta minimisera l’incertitude sur leurs paramètres. Une mesure de la section efficace doublement différentielle en ptZ et phi*_eta est intéressante pour mieux comprendre la corrélation entre ces deux variables. La mesure précise du spectre en ptZ utilisant la variable phi*_eta peut être appliquée au spectre en ptW et on sait que des mesures plus fines du ptW sont importante pour une détermination précise de la masse du boson W. De plus, une compréhension précise du spectre en ptZ est importante pour comprendre les propriétés cinématiques de la production du boson de Higgs. / The first measurement of the phi*_eta spectrum of Z bosons at 7 TeV of pp collisions has been studied in this thesis, which is an alternative way to probe the transverse momentum of Z bosons. The full data sample recorded by the ATLAS detector during 2011 run of the LHC was used, which corresponds with 4.7/fb integrated luminosity. The results of this measurement were reported in Ref. [18] supported by the internal note in Ref. [69]. The differential cross section of Z->ee as a function of phi*_eta has been measured and compared to fixed order perturbative QCD calculations with/without a resummation for the low phi*_eta region. Calculations using RESBOS provide the best descriptions of the data. However, they are unable to reproduce the detailed shape of the measured cross section to better than 4%. The differential cross section was also compared to predictions from different Monte Carlo generators interfaced to a parton shower algorithm. The best descriptions of the measured phi*_eta spectrum are provided by SHERPA and POWHEG+PYTHIA8 Monte Carlo event generators. The precise measurement of the differential cross section as a function of phi*_eta provides valuable information for the tuning of MC generators. The typical experimental precision of this measurement (~0.5%) is ten times better than the typical theoretical precision and therefore is valuable to constrain the theoretical predictions further. The ptZ measurement has been also studied to quantify the systematic uncertainty of this measurement using the high statistic data sample. This allows to compare two measurements which both address the physics issues of the Z transverse momentum. In most of the phi*_eta range, the systematic uncertainty of the ptZ measurement is two times larger than the one of the phi*_eta measurement. This comparison confirms the interest for the phi*_eta variable. The measurements presented in this thesis has many implications for future studies. Tuning MC generators using the result of the precise measurement of the phi*_eta spectrum will minimize the uncertainty on the tuned parameters. A double differential cross section measurement as a function of ptZ and phi*_eta is interesting to understand the correlation between ptZ and phi*_eta variables. The precise measurement of the ptZ spectrum using the new variable phi*_eta can be applied to ptZ. More precise measurement of ptZ are important to obtain precise measurements of the W mass. In addition, a precise understanding of the ptZ spectrum is important to understand kinematic properties of Higgs boson production.