Response adaptive designs are developed for ethical considerations, which sequentially modify the treatment allocations based on the accumulating information in the trial so more patients receive the potentially better treatment. Yi and Wang (2009) proposed a variance-penalized criterion to evaluate the performance of a response adaptive design based on the expected number of patients assigned to the better treatment and the power of statistical test. We use the variance-penalized criterion to examine different response adaptive randomization procedures for normally distributed responses. We propose a new target allocation proportion which increases the chance that more patients receive the better treatment. Simulation results indicate that our proposed design has the advantage of assigning more patients to the potentially better treatment with minimum loss in statistical power, and our design performs better than the designs in the literature based on the variance-penalized criterion.

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<b><u>Purpose</u></b>: Some randomized trials are reported widely, while others remain unpublished. It is essential to systematic reviewers and meta-analysts that factors leading to publication bias in the form of delayed or non-publication of an eligible study are identified. This thesis is an attempt to do this. <br></br><br></br> <b><u>Data</u></b>: The set of randomized trials identified by the Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) Collaborative Group was used. This consists of 149 trials comprising 243 randomized comparisons (randomizations), starting prior to 1 January 1988, reported in 257 articles, published prior to 1 January 2000. Each mention of a randomization in an article (irrespective of whether results are given) generates a publication record, of which there are 610. <br></br><br></br> <b><u>Methods</u></b>: The main focus is on identifying which trial characteristics lead to a delay in publication of a randomization. Time to the first mention of a randomization in an article (irrespective of whether any results are given) and to the first reporting of its results are both modelled using ordinary linear regression (the independence model). However, when these analyses are extended to include all mentions and all reportings of results respectively, non-independence necessitates the use of techniques for dealing with repeated measures. In such cases the independence model is the starting point, the residuals from which are used to form the covariance matrix, which in turn is used to suggest plausible correlation structures for repeated measures models. Generalised estimating equation (GEE) analysis is used to select an appropriate correlation structure, and a linear mixed effects model serves to confirm this. The conclusions are then discussed in the context of other studies identified. Finally logistic regression is used to identify trial characteristics associated with a randomization remaining unpublished, and Poisson and negative binomial models to identify those affecting frequency of reporting. <br></br><br></br> <b><u>Results</u></b>: Evidence was found of ‘pipeline bias’ in the reporting of first results since, although direction of effect was not found to be significant, highly statistically significant results are published faster than others. However this is not so for first mentions. Negative results (i.e. those in favour of the standard/control) arm were submitted for first publication faster than all others, although this did not effect time to publication. In addition, geographic location is an important predictor of whether a randomization is ever mentioned in an article, frequency of mentions and of time to first publication and results from single-centre trials are published more frequently than those with multi-centre participation. <br></br><br></br> <b><u>Conclusions</u></b>: Although ‘pipeline bias’ was identified in the analysis of time first reporting of results, it was not present in the analysis of time to first mention, and so not a problem for those wishing only to identify randomized trials for inclusion in meta-analyses. The importance of geographic location suggests that the practice of contacting known trialists is worthwhile in addition to the computerised literature searches and should be continued. <br></br><br></br>

A model of moral education generally includes a conception of morality, a theory about how moral development can be encouraged, and pedagogical strategies designed to facilitate moral development in educational settings. / The Euthanasia Trial is a model of moral education which is based on the concept of morality as a combination of caring, judging and acting. Morality begins with a compassionate concern for life; this feeling triggers the psychological ability to consider the interests of others. Caring and empathy alone, however, are not enough. In order to resolve moral conflicts there must also be an ability to reason, to evaluate conflicting interests in the light of certain criteria or principles. Guided by these reasoned judgments, moved by a sense of caring, morality culminates in decisive action. / The Euthanasia Trial attempts to integrate these three components of morality in a multi-faceted project designed for senior high school students. Philosophical dialogues develop the pupils' reasoning abilities; dramatic roles engage their emotional responses; and emphasis on cooperative learning throughout the project provides students with concrete opportunities to practice moral behavior.

[Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, 1954] / "1 May 1954." Typescript. Thesis information from JAG School Library Catalog. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

[Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, 1954] / "1 May 1954." Typescript. Thesis information from JAG School Library Catalog. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (B.A.)--Haverford College, Dept. of Religion and Dept. of History, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Freiburg in der Schweiz.