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Residual strength of a high-strength concrete subjected to triaxial pre-stressVankirk, George Harlan 25 November 2020 (has links)
Simplified mechanical loading paths, which represent more complex loading paths observed during penetration, were investigated using a triaxial chamber and a high-strength concrete. Objectives were to determine the effects that stress/strain (load) paths had on the material’s unconfined (UC) residual strength. The loading paths included hydrostatic compression (HC), uniaxial strain in compression (UX), and uniaxial strain load biaxial strain unload (UXBX). The experiments indicate that load paths associated with non-visible microstructural damage were HC and UX, which produced minimal impact on the residual UC strength (<30%), while the load paths associated with visible macro-structural damage were UXBX, which significantly reduced the UC strength (>90%). The simplified loading paths were also investigated using a material model driver code that was fit to a widely used Department of Defense material model. Virtual experiment data revealed that the material model investigated overestimated material damage and produced poor results when compared to experimental data.
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Resistência de um solo não saturado a partir de ensaios com teor de umidade constante (CW) / Shear strength of an unsaturated soil from constant water content testsGeorgetti, Giovana Bizão 16 April 2010 (has links)
Em muitas partes do mundo, engenheiros geotécnicos freqüentemente lidam com solos não saturados, e o desempenho de obras nestes solos depende de suas características mecânicas, como a resistência ao cisalhamento. A determinação experimental da resistência de solos não saturados pode ser feita em laboratório utilizando técnicas que permitem controle ou medida da sucção, sendo uma delas o ensaio de compressão triaxial com teor de umidade constante. Neste contexto, essa pesquisa analisa a resistência ao cisalhamento de um solo arenoso compactado não saturado por meio de ensaios de compressão triaxial. Ensaios do tipo adensado-drenado e adensado-não drenado foram realizados com solo saturado, enquanto ensaios com teor de umidade constante foram realizados para caracterizar o comportamento do solo não saturado. Os resultados dos ensaios com solo saturado foram combinados e forneceram uma envoltória de resistência comum em termos de tensões efetivas. Para o solo não saturado, as curvas tensão-deformação foram representadas pela diferença de tensões principais e por esta normalizada por algumas das variáveis de estado de tensão do solo. Tais curvas se assemelham a curvas típicas de um material plástico, com exceção das obtidas para a menor tensão confinante, nas quais se observou a ocorrência de picos de resistência. Já a sucção apresentou um comportamento comum a todos os ensaios, com redução inicial seguida de estabilização. As diferentes representações da curva tensão-deformação permitiram definir superfícies planares de resistência no espaço tensão x sucção x resistência, nas quais foram observadas pequenas variações nos valores de coesão efetiva e ângulo de atrito com relação à sucção. Apesar do bom ajuste destas envoltórias planares, os resultados mostraram alguma não-linearidade. Por fim, testaram-se os métodos de Khalili e Khabbaz (1998) e Vilar (2007) de previsão da resistência ao cisalhamento de solos não saturados. / In many parts of the world, geotechnical engineers frequently deal with unsaturated soils, and the performance of constructions on such soils depends on their mechanical characteristics, and among them, the shear strength. The unsaturated soil shear strength can be experimentally determined by using techniques which allow soil suction control or measurement and one of the available techniques is the constant water content triaxial compression test. In this context, this research analyzes the shear strength of an unsaturated compacted sandy soil using triaxial compression tests. Consolidated-drained and consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests were performed with the saturated soil, while constant water content triaxial compression tests were performed to characterize the unsaturated soil behavior. Results of tests with saturated soil were gathered and yielded a common shear strength envelope in terms of effective stress. Regarding the unsaturated soil, the stress-strain curves were represented by the deviator stress and the deviator stress normalized by some stress state variables of the soil. Such curves were similar to typical curves of a plastic material, except for those obtained for the lower confining pressure, in which peak of stress were observed. Suction development during shearing presented a common behavior to all the tests, with initial reduction followed by stabilization. The different representations of stress-strain curves allowed defining shear strength planar surfaces on stress x suction x strength space, which showed small variations of effective cohesion and angle related to suction. Despite of the good adjustment of these planar shear strength envelopes, the results showed some non-linearity. Finally, the methods proposed by Khalili and Khabbaz (1998) and Vilar (2007) for predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils were tested.
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Deformation Analysis of Sand Specimens using 3D Digital Image Correlation for the Calibration of an Elasto-Plastic ModelSong, Ahran 2012 August 1900 (has links)
The use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique has become increasingly popular for displacement measurements and for characterizing localized material deformation. In this study, a three-dimensional digital image correlation analysis (3D-DIC) was performed to investigate the displacements on the surface of isotropically consolidated and drained sand specimens during triaxial compression tests.
The deformation of a representative volume of the material captured by 3D-DIC is used for the estimation of the kinematic and volumetric conditions of the specimen at different stages of deformation, combined with the readings of the global axial compression of the specimen. This allowed for the characterization of a Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model with hardening and softening laws.
In addition, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model was built to simulate the actual experimental conditions, including both the global and local kinematics effects captured by 3D digital image correlation analysis on the boundary of the specimen.
A comparison between the axisymmetic model predictions and the experimental observations showed good agreement, for both the global and local behavior, in the case of different sand specimen configuration, including loose, dense and half-loose half-dense specimens.
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A study of temporal and spatial evolution of deformation and breakage of dry granular materials using x-ray computed tomography and the discrete element methodKaratza, Zeynep January 2018 (has links)
Particles exist in great abundance in nature, such as in sands and clays, and they also constitute 75% of the materials used in industry (e.g., mineral ores, formulated pharmaceuticals, dyes, detergent powders). When a load is applied to a bulk assembly of soil particles, the response of a geomaterial at the bulk (macro) scale, originates from the changes that take place at the particle scale. If particle breakage occurs, the shape and size of the particles comprising the bulk are changed; this induces changes in the contact network through which applied loads are transmitted. As a result, changes at the micro-scale can significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of a geomaterial at a macro-scale. It is therefore unsurprising that the mechanisms leading to particle breakage are a subject of intense research interest in several fields, including geomechanics. In this thesis, particle breakage of two dry granular materials is studied, both experimentally and numerically. The response of the materials is investigated under different stress paths and in all the tests grain breakage occurs. High resolution x-ray computed micro-tomography (XCT) is used to obtain 3D images of entire specimens during high confinement triaxial compression tests and strain controlled oedometric compression tests. The acquired images are processed and measurements are made of the temporal and spatial evolution of breakage, local variations of porosity, volumetric and shear strain and grading. The evolution and spatial distribution of quantified breakage including the resulting particle size distribution for the whole specimen and for specific areas, are presented and further related to the localised shear and volumetric strains that developed in the specimens. In addition, the discrete element method (DEM) was used to provide further micro-mechanical insight of the underlying mechanisms leading to particle breakage. Classical DEM simulations, using a Hertz-Mindlin contact model and non-breakable spheres, was first deployed to study the initiation and likelihood of particle breakage under oedometric compression. Moreover, a bonded DEM model was used to create clumps that represent each particle and simulate breakage of particles under single particle compression. The DEM model parameters were obtained from results of single particle compression test and the models were validated against the quantitative 3D information of the micro-scale, acquired from the XCT analysis.
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Análise paramétrica da resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticasPacheco, Lysiane Menezes January 2014 (has links)
O crescente aumento das cargas transportadas pelos caminhões e a utilização de pneus radiais têm contribuído para a degradação prematura dos pavimentos asfálticos. Uma das patologias que passaram a ser comuns nos revestimentos asfálticos, logo após a abertura ao tráfego, é o trincamento que inicia no topo da camada e se propaga para baixo, denominado top-down cracking (TDC). Sabe-se que este trincamento é uma manifestação da ruptura por cisalhamento. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticas em laboratório, a partir da mudança da curva granulométrica. Para isso, foram analisadas duas misturas com ligante convencional CAP 50/70, sendo uma com curva granulométrica densa graúda e outra densa miúda, de acordo com a metodologia Bailey. Foram realizados ensaios de compressão triaxial a 35 e a 45°C em corpos de prova de 100 mm de diâmetro e ~188 mm de altura, os quais foram moldados no compactador giratório. A partir disso, obtiveram-se dados de coesão e de ângulo de atrito das misturas estudadas. Foi verificado que, como era de se esperar, aumentando-se a temperatura de ensaio, reduz-se a coesão de ambas as misturas. Na mistura graúda a coesão passou de 784 para 307 kPa e na mistura miúda de 838 para 401 kPa. Além disso, os resultados indicam que o ângulo de atrito da mistura graúda é maior, como se esperava, e a coesão é menor. Comparando a resistência ao cisalhamento da mistura graúda com as tensões cisalhantes geradas no revestimento de estruturas de pavimentos modeladas no software de elementos finitos Abaqus, foi verificado que as tensões são superiores. Porém não é possível afirmar que não haveria manifestação de TDC nas condições climáticas e carregamento empregados na análise. / The increasing of load transported by trucks and the use of radial tires have contributed for early asphalt pavements failure. One of the distresses that has been frequent in asphalt layers, shortly after opening to traffic, is the cracking that begins at the top of the pavement and propagates down, named top-down cracking (TDC). It is known that this cracking mode can be related to shear failure. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the asphalt mixtures shear strength in a laboratory, from the size distribution change. For this, two mixtures with conventional binder were analyzed, both have dense size distribution, but one coarse-graded and the other fine-graded, following the Bailey method. Triaxial compression test were conducted at 35 and 45°C in specimens with diameter of 100 mm and height of ~188 mm, which were prepared in a gyratory compactor. From this investigation, data for cohesion and friction angle of the studied mixtures were obtained. It was found that, as expected, increasing the test temperature, reduces the cohesion of both mixtures. In the coarse-graded mixture the cohesion reduced from 784 to 307 kPa and fine-graded from 838 to 401 kPa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the coarse mixture friction angle is greater, as expected, and cohesion is smallest. Comparing the coarse mixture shear strength with the shear stresses generated in the coating of pavement structure modeled in the finite element software Abaqus, it was verified that the stress are higher. However it is not possible to assert that there was no manifestation of TDC for the climatic conditions and load proposed in the analysis.
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Análise paramétrica da resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticasPacheco, Lysiane Menezes January 2014 (has links)
O crescente aumento das cargas transportadas pelos caminhões e a utilização de pneus radiais têm contribuído para a degradação prematura dos pavimentos asfálticos. Uma das patologias que passaram a ser comuns nos revestimentos asfálticos, logo após a abertura ao tráfego, é o trincamento que inicia no topo da camada e se propaga para baixo, denominado top-down cracking (TDC). Sabe-se que este trincamento é uma manifestação da ruptura por cisalhamento. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticas em laboratório, a partir da mudança da curva granulométrica. Para isso, foram analisadas duas misturas com ligante convencional CAP 50/70, sendo uma com curva granulométrica densa graúda e outra densa miúda, de acordo com a metodologia Bailey. Foram realizados ensaios de compressão triaxial a 35 e a 45°C em corpos de prova de 100 mm de diâmetro e ~188 mm de altura, os quais foram moldados no compactador giratório. A partir disso, obtiveram-se dados de coesão e de ângulo de atrito das misturas estudadas. Foi verificado que, como era de se esperar, aumentando-se a temperatura de ensaio, reduz-se a coesão de ambas as misturas. Na mistura graúda a coesão passou de 784 para 307 kPa e na mistura miúda de 838 para 401 kPa. Além disso, os resultados indicam que o ângulo de atrito da mistura graúda é maior, como se esperava, e a coesão é menor. Comparando a resistência ao cisalhamento da mistura graúda com as tensões cisalhantes geradas no revestimento de estruturas de pavimentos modeladas no software de elementos finitos Abaqus, foi verificado que as tensões são superiores. Porém não é possível afirmar que não haveria manifestação de TDC nas condições climáticas e carregamento empregados na análise. / The increasing of load transported by trucks and the use of radial tires have contributed for early asphalt pavements failure. One of the distresses that has been frequent in asphalt layers, shortly after opening to traffic, is the cracking that begins at the top of the pavement and propagates down, named top-down cracking (TDC). It is known that this cracking mode can be related to shear failure. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the asphalt mixtures shear strength in a laboratory, from the size distribution change. For this, two mixtures with conventional binder were analyzed, both have dense size distribution, but one coarse-graded and the other fine-graded, following the Bailey method. Triaxial compression test were conducted at 35 and 45°C in specimens with diameter of 100 mm and height of ~188 mm, which were prepared in a gyratory compactor. From this investigation, data for cohesion and friction angle of the studied mixtures were obtained. It was found that, as expected, increasing the test temperature, reduces the cohesion of both mixtures. In the coarse-graded mixture the cohesion reduced from 784 to 307 kPa and fine-graded from 838 to 401 kPa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the coarse mixture friction angle is greater, as expected, and cohesion is smallest. Comparing the coarse mixture shear strength with the shear stresses generated in the coating of pavement structure modeled in the finite element software Abaqus, it was verified that the stress are higher. However it is not possible to assert that there was no manifestation of TDC for the climatic conditions and load proposed in the analysis.
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Resistência de um solo não saturado a partir de ensaios com teor de umidade constante (CW) / Shear strength of an unsaturated soil from constant water content testsGiovana Bizão Georgetti 16 April 2010 (has links)
Em muitas partes do mundo, engenheiros geotécnicos freqüentemente lidam com solos não saturados, e o desempenho de obras nestes solos depende de suas características mecânicas, como a resistência ao cisalhamento. A determinação experimental da resistência de solos não saturados pode ser feita em laboratório utilizando técnicas que permitem controle ou medida da sucção, sendo uma delas o ensaio de compressão triaxial com teor de umidade constante. Neste contexto, essa pesquisa analisa a resistência ao cisalhamento de um solo arenoso compactado não saturado por meio de ensaios de compressão triaxial. Ensaios do tipo adensado-drenado e adensado-não drenado foram realizados com solo saturado, enquanto ensaios com teor de umidade constante foram realizados para caracterizar o comportamento do solo não saturado. Os resultados dos ensaios com solo saturado foram combinados e forneceram uma envoltória de resistência comum em termos de tensões efetivas. Para o solo não saturado, as curvas tensão-deformação foram representadas pela diferença de tensões principais e por esta normalizada por algumas das variáveis de estado de tensão do solo. Tais curvas se assemelham a curvas típicas de um material plástico, com exceção das obtidas para a menor tensão confinante, nas quais se observou a ocorrência de picos de resistência. Já a sucção apresentou um comportamento comum a todos os ensaios, com redução inicial seguida de estabilização. As diferentes representações da curva tensão-deformação permitiram definir superfícies planares de resistência no espaço tensão x sucção x resistência, nas quais foram observadas pequenas variações nos valores de coesão efetiva e ângulo de atrito com relação à sucção. Apesar do bom ajuste destas envoltórias planares, os resultados mostraram alguma não-linearidade. Por fim, testaram-se os métodos de Khalili e Khabbaz (1998) e Vilar (2007) de previsão da resistência ao cisalhamento de solos não saturados. / In many parts of the world, geotechnical engineers frequently deal with unsaturated soils, and the performance of constructions on such soils depends on their mechanical characteristics, and among them, the shear strength. The unsaturated soil shear strength can be experimentally determined by using techniques which allow soil suction control or measurement and one of the available techniques is the constant water content triaxial compression test. In this context, this research analyzes the shear strength of an unsaturated compacted sandy soil using triaxial compression tests. Consolidated-drained and consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests were performed with the saturated soil, while constant water content triaxial compression tests were performed to characterize the unsaturated soil behavior. Results of tests with saturated soil were gathered and yielded a common shear strength envelope in terms of effective stress. Regarding the unsaturated soil, the stress-strain curves were represented by the deviator stress and the deviator stress normalized by some stress state variables of the soil. Such curves were similar to typical curves of a plastic material, except for those obtained for the lower confining pressure, in which peak of stress were observed. Suction development during shearing presented a common behavior to all the tests, with initial reduction followed by stabilization. The different representations of stress-strain curves allowed defining shear strength planar surfaces on stress x suction x strength space, which showed small variations of effective cohesion and angle related to suction. Despite of the good adjustment of these planar shear strength envelopes, the results showed some non-linearity. Finally, the methods proposed by Khalili and Khabbaz (1998) and Vilar (2007) for predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils were tested.
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Análise paramétrica da resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticasPacheco, Lysiane Menezes January 2014 (has links)
O crescente aumento das cargas transportadas pelos caminhões e a utilização de pneus radiais têm contribuído para a degradação prematura dos pavimentos asfálticos. Uma das patologias que passaram a ser comuns nos revestimentos asfálticos, logo após a abertura ao tráfego, é o trincamento que inicia no topo da camada e se propaga para baixo, denominado top-down cracking (TDC). Sabe-se que este trincamento é uma manifestação da ruptura por cisalhamento. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticas em laboratório, a partir da mudança da curva granulométrica. Para isso, foram analisadas duas misturas com ligante convencional CAP 50/70, sendo uma com curva granulométrica densa graúda e outra densa miúda, de acordo com a metodologia Bailey. Foram realizados ensaios de compressão triaxial a 35 e a 45°C em corpos de prova de 100 mm de diâmetro e ~188 mm de altura, os quais foram moldados no compactador giratório. A partir disso, obtiveram-se dados de coesão e de ângulo de atrito das misturas estudadas. Foi verificado que, como era de se esperar, aumentando-se a temperatura de ensaio, reduz-se a coesão de ambas as misturas. Na mistura graúda a coesão passou de 784 para 307 kPa e na mistura miúda de 838 para 401 kPa. Além disso, os resultados indicam que o ângulo de atrito da mistura graúda é maior, como se esperava, e a coesão é menor. Comparando a resistência ao cisalhamento da mistura graúda com as tensões cisalhantes geradas no revestimento de estruturas de pavimentos modeladas no software de elementos finitos Abaqus, foi verificado que as tensões são superiores. Porém não é possível afirmar que não haveria manifestação de TDC nas condições climáticas e carregamento empregados na análise. / The increasing of load transported by trucks and the use of radial tires have contributed for early asphalt pavements failure. One of the distresses that has been frequent in asphalt layers, shortly after opening to traffic, is the cracking that begins at the top of the pavement and propagates down, named top-down cracking (TDC). It is known that this cracking mode can be related to shear failure. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the asphalt mixtures shear strength in a laboratory, from the size distribution change. For this, two mixtures with conventional binder were analyzed, both have dense size distribution, but one coarse-graded and the other fine-graded, following the Bailey method. Triaxial compression test were conducted at 35 and 45°C in specimens with diameter of 100 mm and height of ~188 mm, which were prepared in a gyratory compactor. From this investigation, data for cohesion and friction angle of the studied mixtures were obtained. It was found that, as expected, increasing the test temperature, reduces the cohesion of both mixtures. In the coarse-graded mixture the cohesion reduced from 784 to 307 kPa and fine-graded from 838 to 401 kPa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the coarse mixture friction angle is greater, as expected, and cohesion is smallest. Comparing the coarse mixture shear strength with the shear stresses generated in the coating of pavement structure modeled in the finite element software Abaqus, it was verified that the stress are higher. However it is not possible to assert that there was no manifestation of TDC for the climatic conditions and load proposed in the analysis.
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Behavior of plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete under multiaxial stressTawana, Siyd S. January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
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Behaviour of soil, soil-cement and soil-cement-fiber under multiaxial testLimprasert, Tawan January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
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