The use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique has become increasingly popular for displacement measurements and for characterizing localized material deformation. In this study, a three-dimensional digital image correlation analysis (3D-DIC) was performed to investigate the displacements on the surface of isotropically consolidated and drained sand specimens during triaxial compression tests. The deformation of a representative volume of the material captured by 3D-DIC is used for the estimation of the kinematic and volumetric conditions of the specimen at different stages of deformation, combined with the readings of the global axial compression of the specimen. This allowed for the characterization of a Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model with hardening and softening laws. In addition, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model was built to simulate the actual experimental conditions, including both the global and local kinematics effects captured by 3D digital image correlation analysis on the boundary of the specimen. A comparison between the axisymmetic model predictions and the experimental observations showed good agreement, for both the global and local behavior, in the case of different sand specimen configuration, including loose, dense and half-loose half-dense specimens.

abstract: Origami is an art transforming a flat sheet of paper into a sculpture. Among various types of origami, the focus is on a particular class called the `Rigid Origami' ("RO"). A Rigid Origami, unlike other forms, is not intended to be folded into fancy shapes. On the contrary, an RO has a simple and a geometrically well-defined crease pattern and does not have curved/smudged faces. The folds can be carried out by a continuous motion in which, at each step, each face of the origami is completely flat. As a result, these planar faces experience very minimal strain due to loading. This property allows it to be used to fold surfaces made of rigid materials. Tapping into the geometrical properties of RO will open a new field of research with great practical utility. Analyzing each new RO pattern will require generating numerous prototypes; this is practically impossible to do, as it consumes a lot of time and material. The advantages of Finite Element Analysis/numerical modeling become very clear in this scenario. A new design concept may be modeled to determine its real world behavior under various load environments and may, therefore, be refined prior to the creation of drawings, when changes are inexpensive. Since an RO undergoes a non-local deformation when subjected to a disturbance, the usage of conventional FEA will not produce accurate results. A non-local element model was developed which can be used in conjunction with the finite element package ABAQUS, via its user-defined element (UEL). This model was tested on two RO patterns, namely Miura-Ori and Ron Resch, by carrying out basic simulations. There are many other interesting origami patterns, exhibiting different meta-material properties, yet to be explored. This Finite Element Approach equips researchers with necessary tools to study those options in great detail. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2014

The railway vehicles are an increasing mean of transportation due to, its reduced impact on environment and high level of comfort provided. These reasons have contributed to settle a positive perception of railway traffic into the European society. In this upward context, the railway industrial sector tackles some important challenges; maintaining low operational costs and controlling the nuisance by-products of trains operation, the most important being railway noise. Track dynamic plays a main role for both issues, since a significant part of the operational costs are associated with the track maintenance tasks and, the noise generated by the track can be dominant in many operational situations. This explains why prediction tools are highly valued by railway companies. The work presented in this licentiate thesis proposes methodologies for accurate and efficient modelling of railway track dynamics. Two core axes have led the development of this task, on one hand, the rail modelling and, on the other hand, the characterisation of the finite length nature of track supports. Firstly, concerning the rail modelling technique, it has evolved under two major premises. On one hand, regarding the frequency domain, it should describe high frequency behaviour of the rail. In order to accomplish with this first premise, a model based on Timoshenko beam theory is used, which can accurately account for the vertical rail behaviour up to 2500 Hz. On the other hand, with respect to the time domain, the response should be smooth and free of discontinuities. This last condition is fulfilled by implementation of the Timoshenko local deformation. Secondly, a model of support that considers its finite length nature is sought. For this purpose, a Timoshenko element over elastic foundation is formulated. Thus, the common model of support, which is based on a concentrated connection, is substituted by a distributed model of support. In this way, several enhancements are achieved; the temporal contact force response is smoothed and a more realistic shape is obtained, the amplitude of the displacement due to the parametric excitation is reduced and the magnitude associated to the ‘pin-pin’ frequency is not overestimated. / <p>QC 20170522</p>

This thesis apply High Resolution Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (HR-EBSD) technique to a variety of microstructure features and their interactions in pure h.c.p polycrystals. By correlating high quality Kikuchi patterns with a reference pattern, the relative state and distribution of strain, stress, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density can be obtained with high strain sensitivity (10^-4) and angular resolution (10<sup-4</sup> radian). This technique is companied by a further investigation of subsurface features using Differential Aperture X-ray Micro-diffraction (DAXM) technique. The two technique have shown excellent agreement in capturing the magnitude and distribution of stress and GND. Stress field and GND distribution induced by slip band and grain boundary interactions, including blocked slip band with no observable slip transfer in SEM and slip transfer, were characterised. It was found that some blocked slip bands lead to high and localised stress concentration in the neighbouring grain while others did not, and no stress concentration were correlated with transferred slip bands. These three categories of interactions were rationalised using a slip transfer criteria (called LRB criteria) by investigating the geometric alignments between the impinging slip system and all possible slip systems in the neighbouring grain. The level of stress concentration were quantified into a stress intensity factor K, following the Frank, Eshelby, and Nabarro (FEN) model. It was found that the level of stress intensity correlates well with the number of dislocations within the pile up plane. The slip band and grain boundary interaction case that led to the highest magnitude of stress intensity factor was further investigated using DAXM experiments. The 3D data set informed us additional information hidden below the sample surface. The distribution of stress concentration in 3D is a ribbon conforming to the line of intersection between slip plane and grain boundary. Stress intensity factor calculation along this ribbon have shown large variations which led to a concern that sometimes 2D results might not be conclusive. For example, if damage is observed in sample surface, there is a possibility that large populations of damage already exist below sample surface as a result of the stress fluctuations. The level of stress concentration and distribution measured by both HR-EBSD and DAXM agree with each other and 3D lattice rotation gradient used in DAXM GND calculation was found to affect the range of GND distribution and how fast it decays away from grain boundary. Twinning is a deformation mechanism in HCP metal that is equally important as dislocation slip. The stress concentrations associated with twin propagation, approaching grain boundary, and thickening were characterised using HR-EBSD, from which the calculated stress tensor were used to generate a local Schmid factor (LSF) map. It was found that during twin propagation, local positive shear provides a favourable LSF condition that promote twin tip extension while supress it from thicken. When twin tip is approaching the grain boundary, the positive shear stress field no longer favour twin propagation, a narrow positive LSF field still exist at the tip of twin, promoting it to grow thick. During propagation and thickening process, the LSF seem to only affect the tip of twins and therefore these processes are possibly tip controlled.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20697号 / 工博第4394号 / 新制||工||1683(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 池田 芳樹, 教授 西山 峰広, 准教授 聲高 裕治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

La 3D s'impose comme un nouveau média dont l'adoption généralisée passe par la conception d'outils, accessibles au grand public, de création et de manipulation de formes tridimensionnelles quelconques. Les outils actuels reposent fortement sur la modélisation sous-jacente des formes, généralement surfacique, et sont alors peu intuitifs ou limitatifs dans l'expressivité offerte à l'utilisateur.Nous souhaitons, dans ces travaux, définir une approche ne présentant pas ces défauts et permettant à l'utilisateur de se concentrer sur le processus créatif. En nous inspirant de l'utilisation séculaire de l'argile, nous proposons une approche modélisant la matière sous forme lagrangienne.Une forme est ainsi décrite par un système de particules, où chaque particule représente un petit volume du volume global.Dans ce cadre lagrangien, la méthode Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) permet l'approximation de grandeurs physiques en tout point de l'espace. Nous proposons alors une modélisation de matériaux à deux couches, l'une décrivant la topologie et l'autre décrivant la géométrie du système global.La méthode SPH permet, entre autres, d'évaluer la densité de matière. Ceci nous permet de définir une surface implicite basée sur les propriétés physiques du système de particules pour redonner un aspect continu à la matière.Ces matériaux peuvent alors être manipulés au moyen d'interactions locales reproduisant le maniement de la pâte à modeler, et de déformations globales. L'intérêt de notre approche est démontrée par plusieurs prototypes fonctionnant sur des stations de travail standard ou dans des environnements immersifs. / 3D is emerging as a new media. Its widespread adoption requires the implementation of userfriendly tools to create and manipulate three-dimensional shapes. Current softwares heavily rely on underlying shape modeling, usually a surfacic one, and are then often counter-intuitive orlimiting. Our objective is the design of an approach alleviating those limitations and allowing the user to only focus on the process of creating forms. Drawing inspiration from the ancient use of clay,we propose to model a material in a lagrangian description. A shape is described by a particles system, where each particle represents a small fraction of the total volume of the shape. In this framework, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method enables to approximate physical values anywhere in space. Relying on this method, we propose a modeling of material with two levels, one level representing the topology and the other one describing local geometry of the shape.The SPH method especially enables to evaluate a density of matter. We use this property todefine an implicit surface based on the physical properties of the particles system to reproduce the continuous aspect of matter. Those virtual materials can then be manipulated locally through interactions reproducing the handling of dough in the real world or through global shape deformation. Our approach is demonstrated by several prototypes running either on typical desktop workstation or in immersive environment system.