Submitted by Helena Bejio (helena.bejio@unioeste.br) on 2017-11-16T18:52:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Fábio HR Silveira 2016.pdf: 2555885 bytes, checksum: 29051e06e2f268f821a9b563e9878402 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-16T18:52:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Fábio HR Silveira 2016.pdf: 2555885 bytes, checksum: 29051e06e2f268f821a9b563e9878402 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aims to assess the farm size effect and parturition order on the occurrence and the logarithm of the egg count per gram of endo- stool in commercial sows housed in the maternity and pregnancy in situated farms in West micro-region Paraná. The 43 Production Units Piglets, set in eight micro-regions, classified into four farm sizes: small (100 to 250 arrays), medium (251-510 arrays), large (511-1000 arrays) and very large (more than 1,000 dies ) and three orders calving up to two deliveries, 3 to 5 and more than 5 deliveries. The feces samples were processed through flotation technique saturated salt solution. Statistical analysis was based on the theory of generalized linear models, the observed data variables expressed by binary values were adjusted to the binomial and the normal distributions. The existing significance farm size (TG), birth order (PO), interaction between TG and OP was verified by the deviance analysis Of the 1,596 fecal samples, 4.64% were positive for Ascaris suum, 0, Trichuris suis to 56% and 8.27% for oocysts of coccidia. Properties with small and medium farm size have a higher percentage of parasites when compared with large and very large, especially in farrowing order between zero and two deliveries. The younger females removed a greater amount of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis. / O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito de tamanho de granja e ordem de parição sobre a ocorrência e o logaritmo da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes de endoparasitas em matrizes suínas comerciais alojadas na maternidade e gestação em granjas situadas na microrregião do Oeste do Paraná. As 43 Unidades Produtoras de Leitões, inseridas em oito microrregiões, classificadas em quatro tamanhos de granja: pequena (100 a 250 matrizes), média (251 a 510 matrizes), grande (511 a 1.000 matrizes) e muito grande (mais que 1.000 matrizes) e em três ordens de parição: até 2 partos, 3 a 5 e mais que 5 partos. As amostras de fezes foram processadas por meio da técnica de flutuação em solução saturada de sal. A análise estatística foi realizada com base na teoria dos modelos lineares generalizados, os dados observados de variáveis expressas por valores binários foram ajustados às distribuições binomial e normal. A significância existente de tamanho de granja (TG), ordem de parto (OP), interação entre TG e OP foi verificada por meio da análise de deviance, Das 1.596 amostras fecais coletadas, 4,64% foram positivas para Ascaris suum, 0,56% para Trichuris suis e 8,27% para oocistos de coccídeos. As propriedades com tamanho de granja pequeno e médio possuem uma porcentagem mais elevada de parasitas quando comparada com as grandes e muito grandes, principalmente nas de ordem de parição entre zero e dois partos. As fêmeas mais novas eliminaram uma maior quantidade de ovos de Ascaris suum e Trichuris suis.

The swine whipworm, Trichuris suis, is a parasite present throughout the United States and is of concern to the swine industry worldwide because it is very pathogenic to growing pigs. The economic threat posed by T. suis and other intestinal parasite infections has created a strong interest in the development of parasite vaccines for the swine industry. Use of a vaccine either alone or with anthelmintics should reduce the economic losses. However, before effective parasite vaccines can be created, the swine gastrointestinal immune response to parasite antigens must be understood. In this study, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay was developed to measure total and antigen-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells (ASC) from gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) [mesenteric lymph node explants from jejunal region of small intestine (SI-MLN) and cecum in large intestine (C-MLN); and ileocecal Peyer's patches (IC-PP)] and lamina propria from the proximal colon removed from T. suis infected pigs. Tbe local antibody responses were compared to peripheral antibody responses found in the spleen and submandibular lymph nodes. The hypotheses to be tested was that parasite antigen-specific antibody secreting cells would be greatest in lymphoid tissue draining the site of infection compared to peripheral lymphoid tissues and that 19A ASC would predominate over IgG ASC in the lamina propria of T. suis infected pigs. The total IgG and IgA ASC frequencies for the spleen, SI-MLN, and ICPP did not significantly change (P> 0.05) over time. For C-MLN, there was a significant increase (p< 0.05) of total IgG ASC during a primary infection with T. suis. Antigen-specific IgG ASC were greatest at the GALT site closest to the infection, CMLN, whereas, antigen-specific IgA ASC predominated in the proximal colonic: lamina propria. Host protection to T. suis develops after anthelmintic: treatment of a primary exposure to parasite. The ELISPOT assay provided valuable information on the localization and compartmentalization of the swine gastrointestinal immune response to T. suis which resides in the cecum and proximal colon. In the future, this technique may be useful for monitoring gastrointestinal immune parameters of pigs exposed to a T. sllis vaccine. / Ph. D.

Over one third of the human population is currently infected by one or more species of parasitic helminth, but the immune responses elicited by these infections remain poorly defined. Studies in helminth-exposed human populations and laboratory models suggest that helminth infection elicits a range of different effector cell types and that protective immunity and resistance to immune-mediated pathology depends on the balance between these responses. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how cytokines, the molecular mediators of the immune system, can be used to characterise human immune phenotype during natural and experimental helminth infection. Cytokines associated with innate inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-9), Thl (IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-12p70), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), Th17 (IL-17A, IL-21 and IL-23) and regulatory (IL-10 and TGFβ)immune phenotypes were analysed to provide the most comprehensive analysis of cytokine responses in human helminth infection conducted to-date. Using a multivariate statistical approach cytokines were analysed as combined immune profiles to reflect their complex interactions in vivo. In the first part of the study venous blood samples collected from a cross-sectional cohort of 284 Zimbabweans (age range: 3 -86 years) endemically-exposed to Schistosoma haematobium were cultured with antigens from different stages of the parasite's life-cycle(cercariae, adult worms and eggs) and the anti-schistosome vaccine candidate antigen glutathionine-S-transferase (GST). Cytokines responses were quantified in culture supernatants via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These assays were repeated 6 weeks after clearance of infection by anti-helminthic treatment. Parasitological and demographic characterisation of the cohort before, 6 weeks, 6 and 18 months after treatment allowed cytokine responses to be related to epidemiological patterns of infection before treatment and the risk of re-infection after treatment. The main findings of this study were:Cytokine responses to the antigens of S. haematobium cercariae are more proinflammatory than those elicited by adult worms and eggs prior to treatment, reflecting the distinct proteomes and exposure patterns of the 3 life-cycle stages Young children (5-10 years old) have a more regulatory and Th17-polarised cytokine response to S. haematobium antigens than older children and adults. These responses are significantly associated with schistosome infection intensity and may contribute to the development of resistance to schistosomiasis with age and exposure to infection Anti-helminthic treatment leads to a shift in S. haematobium cercariae, egg and GST specific cytokine responses towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype The magnitude of change in S. haematobium-specific cytokine profiles after treatment is dependent on schistosome infection intensity at the time of treatment Individuals who remain un-infected up to 18 months after treatment to clear schistosome infection have a more pro-inflammatory and IL-21-polarised response to S. haematobium antigens 6 weeks after treatment than those who become re-infected, suggesting that post-treatment cytokine profiles promote resistance to re-infection. The second part of the study assayed systemic, parasite and allergen-specific cytokine responses in 45 adults with seasonally exacerbated allergy to grass pollen who were experimentally exposed to Trichuris suis. Cytokine responses in infected individuals were compared to those of 44 un-infected controls. This aspect of the study showed that: Exposure to T. suis promotes systemic and parasite-specific Th2 and regulatory cytokine responses, but does not alter cytokine responses to environmental allergens.