An arginine (R) to a glycine (G) mutation at position 145 in the highly reserved inhibitory domain of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), an autosomal dominant disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy. An arginine (R) to tryptophan (W) mutation at the same position in cTnI is associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), a disease characterized by diastolic dysfunction with normal left ventricular size and normal systolic function. In this study we addressed the functional consequences of the human cardiac troponin I (hcTnI) HCM R145G mutation and hcTnI RCM R145W mutation in transgenic mice. Simultaneous measurements of the ATPase activity and force in skinned papillary fibers from hcTnI R145G transgenic mice (Tg-R145G) versus hcTnI wild type transgenic mice (Tg-WT) showed a significant decrease in the maximal Ca2+ activated force without changes in the maximal ATPase activity and an increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity by both ATPase activity and force development. No difference in the cross-bridge turnover rate was observed at the same level of cross-bridge attachment (activation state) showing that changes in Ca2+ sensitivity were not due to changes in cross-bridge kinetics. Energy cost calculations demonstrated higher energy consumption in Tg-R145G fibers compared to Tg-WT fibers. The addition of 3mM BDM at pCa 9.0 showed that there was approximately 2~4 percent of force generating cross-bridges attached in Tg-R145G fibers compared to less than 1.0 percent in Tg-WT fibers, suggesting the mutation impairs the ability of the cardiac troponin complex to fully inhibit cross-bridge attachment under relaxing conditions. Prolonged force and intracellular [Ca2+] transients in electrically stimulated intact papillary muscles were observed in Tg-R145G compared to Tg-WT. These results suggest that the phenotype of HCM is most likely caused by the compensatory mechanisms in the cardiovascular system which are activated by: 1) higher energy cost in the heart resulting from a significant decrease in average force per cross-bridge; 2) incomplete relaxation (diastolic dysfunction) caused by prolonged [Ca2+] and force transients; and 3) an inability of the cardiac TnI to completely inhibit activation at low levels of diastolic Ca2+ in Tg-R145G. Simultaneous measurements of the ATPase activity and force in transgenic skinned papillary fibers from hcTnI R145W transgenic mice (Tg-R145W) versus Tg-WT showed that there was a ~13 to ~16 percent increase in the maximal Ca2+ activated force and ATPase activity, respectively. The rate of dissociation of force generating cross-bridges (g) and energy cost (ATPase/force) was the same in all groups of fibers. These results suggest that the increase in force and ATPase activity is associated with an increase in the number of force generating cross-bridges attached at all activation levels. Additionally, there was a large increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity of force development and ATPase activity. In intact fibers, the mutation caused prolonged force and intracellular [Ca2+] transients, as expected due to the increased Ca2+ sensitivity (slower dissociation rate of Ca2+ from cTnC). The above cited results suggest that: 1) there would be an increase in resistance to ventricular filling during diastole resulting from the prolonged force and Ca2+ transients, especially at high heart rates; 2) there would be a decrease in ventricular filling (diastolic dysfunction); and 3) an increase in contractility during systole that would off-set the negative effect of a decrease in diastolic filling on ventricle stroke volume thus allowing the heart to maintain normal stroke volume despite the compromise in RCM (Tg-R145W) heart.

A contração muscular esquelética é regulada pelo complexo troponina/tropomiosina de maneira dependente de Ca2+. O complexo troponina consiste de três subunidades: a troponina C (TnC), a troponina I (TnI) e a troponina T (TnT). A troponina C é a subunidade que liga Ca2+, a TnI é a subunidade inibitória e a TnT liga-se fortemente à tropomiosina. A TnI e a TnT são altamente insolúveis a baixas forças iônicas, a não ser que estejam complexadas com a TnC. O complexo troponina pode ser reconstituído \"in vitro\" a partir das subunidades isoladas simplesmente misturando-se as subunidades em razões equimolares em uréia, que depois é removida através de diálise. Na primeira parte deste trabalho um vetor para a co-expressão da TnC, TnI e TnT em E.coli foi construído. Utilizando este vetor nós produzimos um complexo troponina funcional montado no citoplasma de E.coli. A presença da TnT é requerida para regulação dependente de Ca2+ da contração muscular esquelética. O papel da TnT em conferir sensibilidade ao Ca2+ à atividade ATPásica da acto-miosina foi analisado. Mutantes de deleção da TnT foram construídos através de mutação sítio-dirigida e expressos em E.coli. Complexos troponina contendo os mutantes de TnT e/ou mutantes de TnI foram reconstituídos e analisados em ensaios de ligação ao filamento fino e ensaios de atividade ATPásica. Baseado nestes resultados a TnT foi subdividida em três domínios: o domínio ativatório (aminoácidos 157-216), o domínio inibitório (aminoácidos 157-216) e o domínio de ancoragem do dímero TnC/TnI (aminoácidos 216-263). Nós demonstramos que o dímero TnC/TnI está ancorado ao filamento fino através da interação entre a região amino-terminal da TnI e da região carbóxi-terminal da TnT (aminoácidos 216-263). Um modelo para o papel da TnT na regulação da contração muscular dependente de Ca2+ é proposto. / The contraction of skeletal muscle is regulated by troponin and tropomyosin in a Ca2+ dependent manner. The troponin complex consists of three subunits: troponin C (TnC), troponin I (TnI) and troponin T (TnT). Troponin C is the Ca2+ binding subunit, TnI is the inhibitory subunit and TnT binds tightly to tropomyosin. TnI and TnT are highly insoluble proteins at low ionic strengths, unless they are complexed with TnC. The troponin complex can be reconstituted \"in vitro\" from the isolated subunits simply by mixing the subunits at equimolar ratios in urea, which is then removed by dialysis. In the first part of this work a vector for the co-expression of TnC, TnI and TnT in E.coli was constructed. Using this vector we were able to produce a functional troponin complex assembled \"in vivo\" in the E.coli cytoplasm The presence of TnT is required for the Ca2+ dependente regulation of the skeletal muscle contraction. The role of TnT in conferring full Ca2+ sensitivity to the ATPase activity of acto-myosin was analyzed. Deletion mutants of TnT were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in E.coli. Troponin complexes containing the TnT deletion mutants and/or TnI deletion mutants, were reconstituted and analyzed in thin filament binding assays and in ATPase activity assays. Based on these studies, TnT was subdivided into three domains: the activation domain (comprised of aminoacids 1-157), the inhibitory domain (comprised of amino acids 157-216) and the TnC/TnI dimer anchoring domain (aminoacids 216-263). We demonstrated that the TnC/TnI is anchored to the thin filament through interaction between the amino-terminal domain of TnI and the region comprised of aminoacids 216-263 of TnT. A model for the role of TnT in the Ca2+ dependent regulation of muscle contraction is proposed.

A contração muscular esquelética é regulada pelo complexo troponina/tropomiosina de maneira dependente de Ca2+. O complexo troponina consiste de três subunidades: a troponina C (TnC), a troponina I (TnI) e a troponina T (TnT). A troponina C é a subunidade que liga Ca2+, a TnI é a subunidade inibitória e a TnT liga-se fortemente à tropomiosina. A TnI e a TnT são altamente insolúveis a baixas forças iônicas, a não ser que estejam complexadas com a TnC. O complexo troponina pode ser reconstituído \"in vitro\" a partir das subunidades isoladas simplesmente misturando-se as subunidades em razões equimolares em uréia, que depois é removida através de diálise. Na primeira parte deste trabalho um vetor para a co-expressão da TnC, TnI e TnT em E.coli foi construído. Utilizando este vetor nós produzimos um complexo troponina funcional montado no citoplasma de E.coli. A presença da TnT é requerida para regulação dependente de Ca2+ da contração muscular esquelética. O papel da TnT em conferir sensibilidade ao Ca2+ à atividade ATPásica da acto-miosina foi analisado. Mutantes de deleção da TnT foram construídos através de mutação sítio-dirigida e expressos em E.coli. Complexos troponina contendo os mutantes de TnT e/ou mutantes de TnI foram reconstituídos e analisados em ensaios de ligação ao filamento fino e ensaios de atividade ATPásica. Baseado nestes resultados a TnT foi subdividida em três domínios: o domínio ativatório (aminoácidos 157-216), o domínio inibitório (aminoácidos 157-216) e o domínio de ancoragem do dímero TnC/TnI (aminoácidos 216-263). Nós demonstramos que o dímero TnC/TnI está ancorado ao filamento fino através da interação entre a região amino-terminal da TnI e da região carbóxi-terminal da TnT (aminoácidos 216-263). Um modelo para o papel da TnT na regulação da contração muscular dependente de Ca2+ é proposto. / The contraction of skeletal muscle is regulated by troponin and tropomyosin in a Ca2+ dependent manner. The troponin complex consists of three subunits: troponin C (TnC), troponin I (TnI) and troponin T (TnT). Troponin C is the Ca2+ binding subunit, TnI is the inhibitory subunit and TnT binds tightly to tropomyosin. TnI and TnT are highly insoluble proteins at low ionic strengths, unless they are complexed with TnC. The troponin complex can be reconstituted \"in vitro\" from the isolated subunits simply by mixing the subunits at equimolar ratios in urea, which is then removed by dialysis. In the first part of this work a vector for the co-expression of TnC, TnI and TnT in E.coli was constructed. Using this vector we were able to produce a functional troponin complex assembled \"in vivo\" in the E.coli cytoplasm The presence of TnT is required for the Ca2+ dependente regulation of the skeletal muscle contraction. The role of TnT in conferring full Ca2+ sensitivity to the ATPase activity of acto-myosin was analyzed. Deletion mutants of TnT were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in E.coli. Troponin complexes containing the TnT deletion mutants and/or TnI deletion mutants, were reconstituted and analyzed in thin filament binding assays and in ATPase activity assays. Based on these studies, TnT was subdivided into three domains: the activation domain (comprised of aminoacids 1-157), the inhibitory domain (comprised of amino acids 157-216) and the TnC/TnI dimer anchoring domain (aminoacids 216-263). We demonstrated that the TnC/TnI is anchored to the thin filament through interaction between the amino-terminal domain of TnI and the region comprised of aminoacids 216-263 of TnT. A model for the role of TnT in the Ca2+ dependent regulation of muscle contraction is proposed.