Abstract Rural Tourism was first found in Europe in the 19th century; Industrialization coupled with the market economy had accelerated urbanization process and brought negative effects, which created an atmosphere of intense competition, leading to urban residents long for the quiet rural life and beautiful countryside.  Rural tourism development is so striking, inseparable from its particular historical background. Since more than a century of industrialization and urbanization process accelerates and the economic and political status of rural undergone great changes. In particular, in the last 50 years, because of technological advances, production continues to improve, but agricultural labor demand declined at the same time.  The relocation of population in many rural areas, leads to depression of rural services and rural communities in decline. With the move of young people, rural aging has become increasingly prominent. Development issues in rural areas attracted the attention of Western governments of developed countries, while the development of tourism and rural economic structure to change an important way. Ping Tung industry is rich in resources, and in recent years, urbanization and recreational needs of pressure, Industry and Tourism of vigorous growth. This study explored cases around the world for the rural tourism development and strategy, through France, England, UK, Germany and other rural tourism development strategies and models of case analysis, induction suitable for a rural tourism development in Ping Tung County, The results displays that the county¡¦s rural tourism development is in line with modern green tourism, environmental protection and tourism trends in the world of national tourism policy for the current major driving directions. In the future, Ping Tung County, needs to establish the development of village tourism brand, the government initiates to promote counseling, and with the whole city and the county of Ping Tung County and Tourism marketing strategy to achieve sustainable tourism development in Ping Tung County, Ping Tung County can look forward to the development of rural tourism by attracting foreign experience to come to Taiwan, and also increases the visibility of ping Tung county in the world.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1966. / Mimeographed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kansas, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-199).

The U.S. tung oil industry began as a government experiment in plant diversification but businessmen mistakenly interpreted this interest as an endorsement of domestic production and began growing tung trees in the Gulf South states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The new crop quickly caught the attention of paint, varnish, and ink companies in the northern and Midwestern states and created a buzz among chemurgists like Henry Ford and other industrialists who eagerly expanded tung acreage. With the erection of the first crushing mill in 1928, the tung oil industry began but it did not acquire any semblance of maturity until World War II. The war thrust the nascent tung oil industry into strategic status. Used as a varnish on military airplanes and naval vessels, a brake lining, a machinery lubricant, a liner for tin cans, and as electrical insulation, demand exceeded supply. Traditional consumers had such a difficult time purchasing tung oil during the war that they turned to other oilseeds or new synthetic oils. The war both aided and crippled tung oil by highlighting its chemurgic uses and deterring consumers given that shortages encouraged the quest for alternatives. Despite a barrage of synthetic competitors and imports, domestic tung growers continued production in the hopes that the discovery of new industrial markets would increase demand and attract government support in the form of parity, tariffs, and quotas. Between 1949 and 1969, a series of agricultural policies granted protection but from the outset federal support proved reluctant and tenuous because production remained miniscule, quotas threatened to heighten diplomatic tensions, and wealthy, part-time growers comprised the bulk of parity recipients. Hurricane Camille has often received credit for bringing a swift end to the industry but imports, competitive oilseeds, synthetics, and freezes had delivered powerful blows to the extent that many farmers stopped growing tung long before 1969. Indeed, Camille proved nothing more than a death knell to a waning industry that had become dependent on government largesse.

Tung oil, an important drying oil, is used in considerable amounts by the paint and varnish, linoleum, and electrical industries. At present domestic tung oil is obtained by mechanical expression. The cake which remains after expression has an oil content of from four to five per cent. Although the amount of domestic oil produced is a small part of the oil consumed in this country, tung oil shipments from China have ceased and the treatment of present and future domestic tung nut crops to obtain the maximum amount of oil most economically is a problem of considerable importance. Solvent extraction has proven more efficient and economical ln industries such as soybean and cottonseed oil extraction. It appeared feasible that tung oil might be extracted by analogous methods thus decreasing the loss of oil in the cake and increasing the efficiency and economy of tung oil production in the United States. First Soxhlet extractions of ground tung kernels were performed with ethyl alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, hexane, and toluene. Of the flammable solvents, benzene extracted the most oil, 51.7 per cent. Hexane was next in oil extraction with 50.8 per cent. In the non-inflammable class, carbon tetrachloride extracted the most oil, 47.8 per cent. The compositions of non-inflammable mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with hexane and benzene were determined in a Cleveland open cup tester. A non-inflammable mixture of carbon tetrachloride-benzene (70 per cent and 30 per cent by volume respectively) was more economical than either a non-inflammable carbon tetrachloride-hexane mixture or carbon tetrachloride used alone. Consequently the carbon tetrachloride-benzene mixture was selected as the solvent to use in continuing the investigation. Higher extraction efficiencies were obtained for batch extractions at 22 deg. C. with raw tung kernels than with roasted tung kernels. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained with raw tung kernels at 40 deg. C. for a batch extraction of 90 minutes. Since the efficiencies of batch extraction are limited, preliminary investigations of the feasibility of using countercurrent extractors were made. These studies showed that the Allis-Chalmers and Ford type extractors were not applicable to the extraction of tung kernels with the carbon tetrachloride-benzene mixture since the tung kernels, as prepared, floated in the solvent mixture. The Allis-Chalmers extractor which depends upon the downward flow of the material being extracted against the upward flow of solvent would therefore not be suitable. Similarly the Ford type extractor would not be applicable because the solvent would have to travel downward against the natural tendency of the oil being extracted and the oil-solvent solution formed to flow upward since they would be lighter than the original solvent mixture. / Master of Science

Biography and Kenneth Tung's five big ideas in compliance management

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences / Department of Sociology

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Sociology

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English