A consequence of stirring sea bottoms within construction sites is that suspended particles are being released. Pollutants such as heavy metals are often bonded to suspended particles which can spread over long distances. Analyzing the levels of particles in the water can either be made in a laboratory, or by measuring turbidity. Turbidity is a measure of the water’s ability to diffuse light and is used to determine the content of suspended material. This thesis is made in collaboration with AFRY who is preforming water sampling during a construction of a new quay area in Kallholmsfjärden, Skellefteå. The purpose of this study has been to investigate if, and how, suspended substances are being spread during water-based constructions that causes stirring of the sea bottom. The study was carried out by analyzing data sampled from Kallholmsfjärden. In summary, the result indicate that water-based constructions may result in suspended substances being spread into the water. Suspended material is correlating with turbidity, which means that turbidity can be used as an indicator for suspended materials. The kind of operation preformed during construction, affects the turbidity and dredging leads to higher particle scattering than padding. The result underlines the importance of taking preventive measures that reduce particle scattering, and one way of doing that is by using silt curtains. According to the result, silt curtains fulfill its purpose by preventing particle scattering. Finally, there is no difference in suspended material between dissimilar depths. The result of this theses is relevant when planning similar projects.

In the papermaking industries spots in the finished product is a recurring problem. Billerud Korsnäs have in earlier studies identified poorly optimized retention systems as one of the reasons for these spots. Poorly optimized retention systems will allow for detrimental substances to flow freely in the system, which may cause agglomeration into larger particles that could end up as darker spots in the finished product. The aim of this thesis is to investigate a number of retention systems, consisting of a retention polymer and retention microparticles, and characterize the polymers.The retention aid systems task is to flocculate fibres, fines and fillers along with the colloidal material to improve process parameters. To investigate the retention systems three different retention polymers with different charge densities have been investigated alongside one microparticle. The parameters investigated in this thesis were the retention systems effect on drainage time, turbidity, charge demand and zeta potential. Pulp and white water from PM4 was used to imitate mill conditions.The results showed that the drainage time and turbidity was most effected by the retention aid systems. The polymer with the highest charge yielded the best results. Only minor effects could be detected on charge demand and Zeta potential.

Accurate retrieval of water-leaving reflectance from satellite-sensed signal is decisive for ocean color applications, because water-leaving radiance only account for less than 10% of satellite-sensed radiance. The standard atmospheric correction algorithm relies on black pixel assumption, which assumes negligible water-radiance reflectance at the near-infrared (NIR) bands. The standard NIR-based algorithm generally works well for waters where the NIR water-leaving radiance is negligible or can be properly accounted for. However, the black pixel assumption does not hold over turbid waters, which results in biased retrievals of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Therefore, this study aimed to improve atmospheric correction over turbid waters. Based on Sentinel-3, two ways to cope with nonzero NIR water-leaving reflectance were explored. First, this study proposed to use artificial neural networks to estimate and correct NIR water-leaving reflectance at TOA (ANN-NIR algorithm). The rationale of it is that hydrosol optical properties are much simpler at NIR spectral region, where pure water absorptions are the dominant factor. The proposed algorithm outperformed the standard NIR-based algorithm over highly turbid waters. Considering results demonstrated in this study, ANN-NIR algorithm should be useful for ocean color sensors with less than two SWIR bands. Second, this study adapted the SWIR-based algorithm for atmospheric correction of Sentinel-3 OLCI by coupling with the two SWIR bands of SLSTR. Three SWIR band combinations were tested: 1020 and 1613, 1020 and 2256, and 1613 and 2256 nm. The SWIR-based algorithm obviously performed better than NIR-based algorithm over highly turbid waters, while the NIR-based is still preferred for clear to moderately turbid waters. The SWIR band of 1020 nm combined with either SWIR band of 1613 or 2256 nm is recommended for the SWIR-based algorithm except for extremely turbid waters, because the band of 1020 nm has better radiometric performance. Over extremely turbid waters, the band combination of 1613 and 2256 nm should be used, since the water-leaving reflectance is still non-negligible at the band of 1020 nm over these waters. Considering atmospheric correction performance obtained by the NIR- and SWIR-based algorithms, the NIR-based and SWIR-based algorithm are practically applied over clear and turbid waters, respectively. This study revisited the effectiveness of the turbidity index for the current NIR-SWIR switching scheme. The turbidity index calculated from aerosol reflectance varies from 0.7 to 2.2, which is not close to one as expected. In addition to water-leaving reflectance, its value also depends on the spectral shape of aerosol reflectance, which varies with aerosol size distributions, aerosol optical thickness, relative humidity and observing geometries. To address this problem, this study proposed a framework to determine switching threshold for the NIR-SWIR algorithm. An Rrs threshold was determined for each MODIS land band centered at 469, 555, 645 and 859 nm, respectively. Their thresholds are 0.009, 0.016, 0.009 and 0.0006 sr-1, respectively. However, Rrs(469) tends to select SWIR-based algorithm wrongly for clear waters, while NIR-SWIR switching based on Rrs(859) tends to produce patchy patterns. By contrast, NIR-SWIR switching based on Rrs(555) with a threshold of 0.016 sr-1 and Rrs(645) with a threshold of 0.009 sr-1 produced reasonable results. Considering the contrasted estuarine and coastal waters, combined applications of NIR- and SWIR-based algorithm with the switching scheme should be useful for these waters. This study will contribute to better ocean color atmospheric corrections over turbid waters. Atmospheric correction algorithms based on black pixel assumption have been implemented and tested in this study, while combined applications of NIR-based and SWIR-based algorithms are recommended over contrasted transitional waters. However, further studies would still be required to further improve and validate atmospheric correction algorithms over turbid waters.

The effect of particle size distribution of suspended sediment vii upon a turbidity reading at a known concentration has been relatively quantified for stream bank materials on the Moccasin Basin - North Fork Fish Creek (MB-NFFC) Watershed, located in northwestern Wyoming. As expected, an increase in the median particle size in suspension results in a decrease of turbidity at a given concentration. The relationship derived correlates the particle size distribution of a chemically dispersed stream-bank material sample, with the Coefficient of Fineness for a mechanically dispersed portion of the sample.

Stormwater runoff can be a great concern in the State of Florida due to the impact the quality of the runoff water can have on the natural water bodies. Stormwater runoff can carry pollutants and sediments which can cause both physical and biological risks in an aquatic ecosystem such as a lake, river, or pond. Polymers, namely the chitosan-based dual polymer system, can be used remove the sediment from this runoff to ensure the safety of the state’s water bodies. Three soils are used in this testing: AASTO soil classifications A-3(sandy soil) and A-2- 4 (silty-sand), and a soil with a fine-grained limerock component. An optimum dose of the chitosan-based dual polymer system is first determined using jar testing. The optimum dose is the dose that reduces the final turbidity to 29 NTUS or below and creates significant flocs. The under dose and over dose are calculated based on the optimum dose. Using these dosages, field scale tests are conducted using two different treatment methods: a semi-passive treatment method and a passive treatment method. Whole effluent toxicity and residual chitosan tests are then conducted on the effluent from the field scale treatment methods. The passive treatment method is the best field scale treatment method when using the silty-sand and the soil with a fine-grained limerock component. The semi-passive treatment method is the best field scale treatment method when using the sandy soil. The passive treatment method with the silty-sand achieves a final turbidity of 123.9 NTUS (88.45% removal). The passive treatment method with the soil with a fine-grained limerock component achieves a final turbidity of 132 NTUS (83.86% removal). The semi-passive treatment method with the sandy soil achieves a final turbidity of 31.43 NTUS (82.04% removal). There is only significant toxicity associated with the tests using iv the effluent from the passive treatment method with the soil with a fine-grained limerock component which only uses the cationic polymer

Effects of commercially available bacterial products were investigated on two common recreational pool contaminants: sunscreen and cyanuric acid (CYA). Microbial products developed by BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. were tested for enhancing mechanical filtration and water clarification in bench-scale bioreactors, with conditions mimicking those of recreational pool water. Bacterial consortia included proprietary mixes of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas, and other genera of bacteria. BiOWiSH products are either fermented on a solid substrate consisting of rice bran and soy meal, or they are mixed with a soluble diluent. Twenty-nine BiOWiSH products were tested throughout forty experiments. Experiments were carried out to determine both the efficacy of BiOWiSH products for turbidity reduction and the mechanism by which BiOWiSH removes sunscreen from solution. In trials without mechanical filtration, the only product which showed a reduction in turbidity relative to the control, albeit inconsistently, was the solid substrate version of BiOWiSH Aqua FOGTM (Thai FOG). Experiments on BiOWiSH coupled with mechanical filtration showed a 79% average reduction of turbidity in the first 24 hrs. BiOWiSH products containing solid substrate, both active and abiotic, showed an average turbidity reduction of 90% in the first 24 hrs. In the same timeframe, soluble BiOWiSH products showed a 79% average reduction in turbidity. Thus, the solid v substrate provided an additional 11% reduction in turbidity over soluble products and un-amended mechanical filtration. Through experimentation and scanning electron microscopy, it was concluded that the primary mechanism of clarification by the solid substrate is adsorption of sunscreen to the substrate surface. Further experiments were performed in anaerobic and aerobic environments to determine whether BiOWiSH products can remove cyanuric acid from solution through adsorption or biodegradation. Two measurement methods, turbidimetric and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were used to independently quantify CYA. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed which utilizes a phosphate buffer and methanol for the separation of cyanuric acid from nitrate and other chemical species. The solid BiOWiSH Aqua FOG product (prod. in Thailand) interfered with the turbidimetric analysis, showing false decreases in CYA. Using HPLC, there was no measureable biodegradation or adsorption of CYA by BiOWiSH products in these bench-scale tests. Significant systematic error in the HPLC analysis prevented conclusive findings; therefore, the ability of BiOWiSH products to reduce CYA from solution remains inconclusive.

<p> About half the Caribbean hermatypic corals died out at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, about 25 Ma. Roughly two thirds of those corals which died out in the Caribbean are still extant in the Indo-Pacific. The coral and coral associate faunas of three Upper Oligocene and three Middle Miocene fossil reefs in western Puerto Rico were compared. Corals on these sites suffered 59% generic extinction, and 54% species extinction. Nearly all coral genera which are tolerant of turbidity or turbidity and cold water survived. All corals found exclusively or principally on Oligocene shelf-edge reefs became regionally extinct. There are no shelf-edge reefs documented from the Miocene in the Caribbean.</p> <p> Coral associates, the endolithic organisms which live in coral skeletons, were almost completely unaffected by this extinction. Likewise, reef and off-reef gastropods, bivalves, and echinoids suffered only insignificant reductions in diversity. Only corals and large benthic foraminifera were strongly affected by the extinction. It is significant that zooxanthellate organisms were the primary victims of this extinction. There is no evidence to suggest effects at higher trophic levels.</p> <p> Paleontological evidence from corals, coral associates, and gastropods suggests enhanced upwelling in the Caribbean during the Miocene and Early Pliocene. This enhanced upwelling could account for the extinction by cooling Caribbean coastal surface waters and restricting reef development to on-shelf patch reefs, where corals would be subject to more intense sedimentation. Paleoceanographic models indicating West to East deep circulation through the Central American Seaway during the Miocene provide a mechanism for this enhanced upwelling.</p> <p> Life history characteristics may have influenced survivorship among the corals, but apparently had no effect on coral associates. Corals which brood their larvae survived in greater proportions than corals which broadcast. This pattern is opposite that observed in studies on molluscs and other invertebrates.</p> <p> This regional extinction was important in the division of a previously cosmopolitan reef fauna into the modern provincial faunas. Explaining this minor mass extinction may contribute to an understanding of the volatile record of reefs in the larger mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> Monthly median and annual mean values of optical depth and the ratio of diffuse to direct solar radiation for 1981-1983 were calculated using integrated values of global and diffuse radiation and calculations of precipitable water, under cloudless conditions. Results indicate that El Chichon's volcanic dust cloud has affected turbidity over southern Ontario. This is reflected in an increase in optical depth and the ratio of diffuse to direct solar radiation. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements continues to be a major pavement distress. Past research has primarily focused on HMA stripping prevention through material component evaluation/testing and addition of preventative additives. Stripping is caused by traffic, water, and high in-place service temperatures. Today, agencies use various methods to evaluate HMA moisture susceptibility with varying degrees of success. The study objective was to evaluate a prototype stripping simulator?s ability to predict HMA moisture susceptibility. The simulator evaluates moisture susceptibility by measuring conditioning water turbidity. Boil test and indirect tensile strength testing were also conducted for comparison purposes. Stripping simulator results indicate further refinement is required before it can be used for moisture susceptibility prediction.

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