A cross-flow turbine was tested to determine the magnitude of the fluid forces on the blades. The tangential and radial forces and the torque were measured on a test blade. Because the runner was made of plexiglas, the flow and the effects of the incidence angle at various speeds were observed. The pattern of blade loading over a revolution was measured over a range of heads from 1.0 to 2.6 m. The maximum forces were found to occur just before the blade leaves the nozzle exit. The experimental forces agree reasonably well with the results of a control volume analysis. Two figures are provided, by which the designer may determine the tangential and radial forces for any geometrically similar machine. / Master of Science

Tip leakage losses were studied in a linear turbine cascade with a tip clearance gap equal to 2.1 percent of blade height. The blades of the cascade have a turning angle of 109.4 degrees, an aspect ratio of 1.0, and an axial chord length of 235.2 mm. The cascade was located at the exit of a low speed wind tunnel; the blade exit Reynolds number based upon blade axial chord was 4.5x10⁵. The flow was measured at a plane 0.96 axial chords downstream from the blade leading edge. Barlier studies performed at the tip gap exit and at a downstream plane 1.4 axial chords from the blade leading edge were utilized with the present study to understand loss development better. The effect of tip leakage and the corresponding loss production mechanisms involved as the flow mixes out were analyzed. As part of the objective of the study, a computerized data acquisition system was developed which acquires pressure data and controls movement of a five hole pressure probe. The flow properties at the measurement plane were numerically integrated. To estimate the maximum potential loss of the cascade, the flow was mixed-out through a momentum analysis. The loss at the measurement plane due to tip leakage was found to be equal to the sum of the total pressure loss within the tip gap and the dissipated tip gap secondary kinetic energy. As the flow proceeded downstream, losses were attributed to dissipation of secondary kinetic energy, trailing edge wake mixing, endwall losses, and primary flow mixing. / Master of Science