Effect of cutting age (weeks after budbreak) and IBA concentration on percent rooting of Mexican redbud, larchleaf goldenweed, littleleaf ash, and evergreen sumac were investigated. Maximum predicted percent rooting was 88% for cuttings of Mexican redbud taken 4 weeks after budbreak and treated with 21 gliter⁻¹ IBA, 99% for cuttings of larchleaf goldenweed taken 6 weeks after budbreak and treated with 16 gliter⁻¹ IBA, 86% for cuttings of littleleaf ash taken 16 weeks after budbreak and treated with 17 gliter⁻¹ IBA, and 24% for cuttings of evergreen sumac taken 16 weeks after budbreak and treated with 5 gliter⁻¹ IBA.

Applications of sulfentrazone were applied to 2.75" mowed tall fescue under hot-humid desert conditions to assess post application response. A uniform decrease in color occurred shortly after application at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. The effect was short lived and tended to be minimal in split application treatments. Leaf cupping/twisting was exacerbated from applications of sulfentrazone, especially at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. At 0.125 and 0.250 lb. AI/ rates, the leaf cupping was much less noticeable. Percent plot showing the leaf cupping symptoms was also rate dependent and generally ranked with degree of effect. Leaf cupping dissipated rapidly after 14 days after treatment. Color changes were minor, while leaf cupping was the more noticeable symptom response on tall fescue from applications of sulfentrazone.

Sulfentrazone was applied to perennial ryegrass turf as single applications at 0.125, 0.250 and 0.375 lb. AI/A, and split application combinations of 0.125/0.125, 0.250/0.250 and 0.375/0.125 AI/A. Respective treatments were applied on June 28 and July 31, 1996. Sulfentrazone caused a decrease in turfgrass color, which was most noticeable at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. Decreases in color were generally dependent on application rate. Sulfentrazone caused a slight "pocking" of the turf, which resulted from leaf twisting/cupping. This injury was most evident at seven days after the first application. There was no foliar burning or uneven discoloration however. The turf exhibited a lesser amount of discoloration and injury following the second (split) application.

Sulfentrazone was applied in single applications at the rates of 0.125, 0.250 and 0.375 lbs. AI/A, and after 30 days in split rate combinations of 0.125/0.125, 0.250/0.250 and 0.125/0.375 lbs. AI/A. Turfgrass color scores were slightly diminished form sulfentrazone characterized by a lighter uniform color change on mowed common bermudagrass. The response was generally rate dependent. Imazaquin caused a light green turf to develop while halsulfuron had no effect. After the first application was made, sulfentrazone treated turfs exhibited leaf twisting/cupping effects at 3 and 7 days after treatment. The degree of effect was also rate dependent. To the lay person, twisting was noticeable only for a short time at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. At two weeks after treatment, there was a trace amount of leaf sheath necrosis at the base (older leaves) of common bermudagrass stolons. This was negligible and short lived. At the rates tested in this initial preliminary test, it appears that common bermudagrass seems to be tolerant of sulfentrazone.

EXP31130A and EXP31598A were applied as repeat applications on June 5 and July 23, 1997 to tall fescue turf maintained at 3.0 inches. Application rates were 0.18 and 0.36 lbs. AI/A (31130A) and 7.0 and 14.0 fl. oz/prod/A (31598A). Each treatment was applied with and without Sequestrene 338 iron chelate, at the rate of 0.1 oz/m ². Untreated and iron-only controls were included in the test. Neither herbicide compound (either with of without iron) caused discoloration, leaf tip burn, sheath necrosis, or blotchy colored turf at the rates and timing applications performed here for low maintenance tall fescue under desert summer conditions. EXP31598A herbicide, when applied without iron to tall fescue turf, exhibited acceptable levels of turfgrass color at all times when applied at the 7 ounce/prod./acre rate. EXP31598A herbicide, when applied without iron to tall fescue turf, exhibited a lighter, but acceptable color turf, when applied at the 14 ounce/prod./acre rate. When iron was added, the 14 ounce/prod./acre rate of EXP31598A produced in general, a slightly darker turf than the same compound at the 7.0 ounce/prod./acre rate. Improved turf color resulted from the addition of iron at 0.1 ounce/m ² for tall fescue treated with EXP31130A. This occurred more so for turf treated at the low rate (0.18 lb. AI/A) than for turf treated at the high rate (0.36 lb. AI/A). The addition of iron to EXP31130A did not increase overall quality at either application rate of the herbicide. When iron was added (0.1 ounce/m ²), turfgrass quality was improved for EXP31598A, especially at the high application rate of 14 ounce/prod./acre.

Creeping bentgrass is seasonally stressed from high summer temperatures and high humidity conditions in the desert southwest from June to mid-September. Golf greens typically show decreased stand density and poor performance by the end of this time. A preventative fungicide application program was evaluated for the prevention of summer stress typical under summer conditions. Four tank mixes composed of Alliete Signature mixed with either Chipco 26019, EXP10790A, EXP10702B, or Daconil Ultrex fungicides were applied every fourteen days from June 10 to September 17, 1997, on a 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass green maintained at 5/32". The Daconil Ultrex tank mix caused some initial injury and in general, the lightest turfgrass color and the lowest turfgrass quality. EXP10702B treated turf produced, on average, the darkest turf with the leading rank score for quality. The Chipco 26019 tank mix produced the largest seasonal clipping totals, which was greater than the check. No diseases occurred on treated or untreated turf. Root dry weights in mid-October varied as much as 40% among treatments, but was not statistically significant.

EXP31130A and EXP31598A were applied as repeat applications on June 5 and July 23, 1997 to perennial ryegrass maintained at 3.0 inches. Application rates were 0.18 and 0.36 lbs. AI/A (31130A) and 7.0 and 14.0 fl. oz/prod/A (31598A). Each treatment was applied with and without Sequestrene 338 iron chelate, at the rate of 0.1 oz/m². Untreated and iron-only controls were included in the test. Ryegrass was generally unaffected by either compound, under the conditions of this test. Inclusion of iron (in the tank mix) was more beneficial for EXP31598A, than for EXP31130A. Untreated controls generally had lower performance scores, than did turf which received either herbicide compound. Treatment effects for overall turfgrass quality were significant only on three of ten evaluation dates, and on one of ten evaluation dates for turfgrass color. In general both compounds appear safe to use on high cut perennial ryegrass turf under summer conditions in a desert environment.

Ronstar and Barricade herbicides were applied to bermudagrass prior to overseeding with perennial ryegrass. For the initial establishment of fall overseeded bermudagrass with perennial ryegrass, Barricade and Ronstar both showed decrease in establishment at thirty days after overseeding (October 26) when compared to the controls. Reductions in turfgrass density after overseeding were realized by all pre-emergence treatments in the mid to late fall, depending on the specific treatment. Ronstar applied in one application at 2.0 lbs AI/A noticeably reduced visual density at 30 and 65 days after overseeding, regardless of the application timing ( 6 vs. 8 weeks) before overseeding. Reductions in turfgrass quality paralleled the reduction in density. Barricade applied at 0.75 lbs AI/A at 6 WBOS showed decreased quality at 30 and 65 days after overseeding. This same treatment caused a noticeable decrease in overall plot density at thirty days after overseeding. At 65 days after overseeding (November 30), quality was not quite fully acceptable (quality mean = 5.8), but acceptable density was achieved (mean density = 6.3). Poa annua (PA) established itself quickly. By November 30 (65 days after overseeding) overseeded- untreated control plots had between 67%-77% Poa annua present. The maximum rate of PA control for Ronstar in March was 74% (showing 15% Poa plot cover) and 61% in April (34% Poa plot cover). This occurred for the 2.0 lb AI/A at 8 WBOS treatment, which was similar to the same rate applied 6 WBOS. Split sequence applications (pre and post) of Ronstar produced low PA control (28%-50%) over the season as measured, when compared to single applications which achieved the same 2 lbs AI/A rate. The greatest amount of PA control was achieved by Barricade applied at 0.75 lb AI/A at 6 WAOS (86%-94% control). No treatment achieved 95% control of PA on a season long basis. Poa pressure at the test site was uniform and heavy.

Sulfentrazone herbicide was applied to bermudagrass turf, prior to overseeding at 0.125, 0.250 and 0.375 lbs. AI/A. Sulfentrazone did not inhibit emergence of perennial ryegrass when applied two days before overseeding. Plots ranged from 92-100% cover (of perennial ryegrass) from December to the end of March (last evaluation). Turfgrass color was noticeably less at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate, but not significantly different from that of the lower rate application treatments. Pre-emergence weed control based on non-overseeded controls ranged from 51-100% across Sulfentrazone treated turfs, from December 1996 to late March, 1997. The percent reduction in Poa annua due to overseeding (comparison of non-overseed vs. overseed controls) was 90%, 61% 67% and 65% in December, January, February and March, respectively. Initial screening shows favorable activity for Poa annua control, especially at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. Further evaluation is needed to assess Poa annua suppression from Sulfentrazone and its potential interaction with overseeding, before cultural management programs can be devised for Poa annua control in an overseed program.

Ronstar was applied at three rates (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 lbs. AI/A) at 12, 10, 8, 6 and 4 weeks before overseeding bermudagrass turf with perennial ryegrass on October 20, 1997. On November 7, 1997 (18 DAS) Ronstar treated plots ranged from 20% to 81% for percent plot ryegrass coverage. The greatest mean ryegrass coverage occurred for the 2.0 lbs. rate/@ 12 WBOS. Among the 4 lbs. treatments, there was more or less a linear decrease for ryegrass establishment on a visual plot basis as the application time came closer to the overseeding date. On December 1, Ronstar treated field plots ranged from a low of 29% ryegrass cover (4 lbs./@ 4 WBOS) to 91% (2 lbs./@ 12 WBOS). Among the 4 lbs. treated plots, the 10 and 12 WBOS timing allowed for 82% and 75% mean plot cover respectively, by December 1 (42 DAS). Of the remaining treatments, the 2 lbs./@ 4 WBOS had 61% plot cover (ryegrass) while all other 1 lbs. and 2 lbs. plots had 80% or greater cover at this time. On December 15, 1997 (56 DAS), mean percent plot scores for percentage ryegrass cover ranged from 53% to 100%. The only plot which had significantly less plot cover was 4 lbs./@ 4 WBOS (53%). All other plots had 88% or greater ryegrass cover. Turfgrass color scores showed a significant Atreatment@ effect on December 15, but not on December 29, January 29, March 11 or on April 11. On December 29 (70 DAS), overall turfgrass quality scores ranged from 4.0 (unacceptable) to 7.8. Two treatments which were sub-par included 4 lbs./@ 6 WBOS (5.7 = marginal) and 4 lbs./@ 4 WBOS (4.0 = unacceptable). Treatments which had mean quality values of 7.0 or higher included; 1 lbs./@ 10 WBOS (7.8), 1 lbs./@ 6 WBOS (7.8), 2 lbs./@ 10 WBOS (7.5), 1 lbs./@ 8 WBOS (7.3), 2 lbs./@ 6 WBOS (7.3), 4 lbs./@ 12 WBOS (7.3) and 2 lbs./@ 12 WBOS (7.3). Weed pressure was inadequate to fully assess pre-emergence control of Poa annua. At the close of the test on April 11, 1998, weed control ranged from 8% to 100%. Plots with 90% or greater weed control included 2 lbs./@ 10 WBOS, 1 lbs./@ 4 WBOS, and 4 lbs./@ 12, 8, 6, and 4 WBOS. The 1.0 lbs. AI/A treatment was safe for perennial ryegrass at 12, 10, 8, 6, and 4 WBOS. The 2.0 lbs. AI/A treatment was safe for perennial ryegrass at 12, 10, and 8 weeks. The 4.0 lbs. AI/A treatment was safe at 12 and 10 WBOS.