Many oceanographers have postulated that internal wave form inversion would take place at the turning point where the thickness of the upper and bottom layer are equal in a stratified two-layer fluid system. This implies that an internal wave of depression may convert into elevation as the wave propagates over a continental margin comprising continental slope and shelf. Laboratory experiments were conducted on the propagation of a depression ISW over a trapezoidal obstacle in a stratified two-layer fresh/brine water system in a steel framed wave tank of 12m long with cross section of 0.7m high by 0.5m wide. The relative difference in water depth between the upper and lower layer and the initial ISW amplitude were the main controlling parameters, among others. The water depth in the stratified two-layer system on the horizontal plateau of the trapezoid obstacle fell into one of the following case: (1) the upper layer larger than lower (H1>¢Ö2'); or (2) equal depth in the upper and lower layer (H1=¢Ö2'); or (3) the upper layer less than lower layer (H1<¢Ö2'). In addition of the depth ratio, the difference in the length of the horizontal plateau and the thickness of the phycnocline above if were also parameters affecting the outcome of the experiments. In these experiments, three different type of the height and length of the trapezoidal obstacle were used, including long (4.8x0.37m), medium (1x0.35m) and short (0.5x0.35m) types. A full account on the characteristics of the ISW evolution observed during this experimental study is presented in this thesis. As an ISW propagated on the fronting slope, were run-down, vortex motion, internal hydraulic jump (IHJ) and run-up were occurred. Once the wave passed the turning point (where the depth of upper and lower layer equal), the wave form became elevation on the plateau above the obstacle. Based on the laboratory data available, the effect on internal wave evolution can be evaluated by the relative fluid thickness (H1/¢Ö2') on the plateau. The outcome can be classified into three categories: (1) H1>¢Ö2', the relative layer thickness on the plateau unfits for depression ISW propagation and waveform behaves like elevation type; (2) H1=¢Ö2', wave boluses containing mixed fluid propagating on the plateau after breaking on the slope; (3) H1<¢Ö2', ISW propagated over trapezoidal obstacle subjected to shoaling and viscosity effect, without change in waveform. As a depression ISW propagated over the variable length of the plateau, another important factor affecting the intensity of the internal hydraulic jump was the water volume drawn from the plateau. In the case of long horizontal plateau, the interaction range was large, and the IHJ was strong. Consequently, the thickness of the increased which caused the IHJ to move upward along the fronting slope. However, the amplitude and phase speed of the resulting internal wave decreased as if propagated further.

Denna uppsats är skriven på avancerad nivå inom socialt arbete. Dess syfte är att belysa turning points från kriminalitet och utgår från intervjuer med personer som tidigare haft en kriminell karriär. Intervjuerna har varit semistrukturerade och berört orsaken till turning points och motivationskällor till upprätthållandet av beslutet. Analysen har genomförts med hjälp av symbolisk interaktionism och teorier om stämpling, stigma och strain. Resultatet visar nätverkets betydelse för processen kring en turning point samt vikten av individens egna vilja till förändring. I resultatet går det även att utläsa hur personligt engagemang från omgivningen påverkar individen positivt vid en turning point. I diskussionen lyfter författaren resultatet och diskuterar även samhällets insatser utifrån uppsatsens resultat. Efter analys och diskussion framkommer författaren med slutsatsen att en turning point sker först när individen själv vill genomgå en förändring. När individen har tagit det beslutet fungerar nätverket både motiverande samt som en resurskälla. Med personligt engagemang från omgivningen så kan individen stå fast vid sitt beslut om en turning point och motiveras till ett liv utan kriminalitet.

The aim of this study has been to take part of six ex-alcohol addicts’ narratives about their lives with starting-point in which factors that has been significant and/or determining to be able to leave a life in abuse and what change this process has implied for their identity. To achieve the purpose with this study has three questions been formulated. These are what in the person’s life have been important in the process of a life free from alcohol, what were specific and decisive that effected the decision to stop using alcohol and what is the attitude to them self and their new role as an ex-alcohol addict.   Alcohol is a drug that is legal and accepted in the society and it´s hard to discover an addiction. Some people can handle to take their self out of the alcohol abuse on their own but for others different forms of professional help are necessary. This is a process that often takes long time and is influenced of both the individuals own efforts and different factors in the surroundings. To answer the aim and the questions the study is based on qualitative interviews. In our analysis to understand and interpret the material we have used earlier studies, social psychological theory whit an putting of symbolical interaction from roles and identity and how the individual define his or her situation. All the respondents in this study have received some kind of professional help and underwent treatment for their addiction. This has for everyone also been preceded by one or several of negative incidents that have been the trigger factor in the seeking relief. For five people treatment has been considerable and/or a crucial part to become free from the alcohol addiction. Also other insertion of support after the treatment has been important for all of them. Other factory that has been important in the process is positive refutation and support from other people in the surrounding.

Thesis (D. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 2004. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-123, 54-59). Includes final project proposal.

Thesis (D. Min.)--New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 2004. / Includes abstract and vita. "November 2004." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-123).

<p>The aim of this study has been to take part of six ex-alcohol addicts’ narratives about their lives with starting-point in which factors that has been significant and/or determining to be able to leave a life in abuse and what change this process has implied for their identity. To achieve the purpose with this study has three questions been formulated. These are what in the person’s life have been important in the process of a life free from alcohol, what were specific and decisive that effected the decision to stop using alcohol and what is the attitude to them self and their new role as an ex-alcohol addict.</p><p> </p><p>Alcohol is a drug that is legal and accepted in the society and it´s hard to discover an addiction. Some people can handle to take their self out of the alcohol abuse on their own but for others different forms of professional help are necessary. This is a process that often takes long time and is influenced of both the individuals own efforts and different factors in the surroundings. To answer the aim and the questions the study is based on qualitative interviews. In our analysis to understand and interpret the material we have used earlier studies, social psychological theory whit an putting of symbolical interaction from roles and identity and how the individual define his or her situation. All the respondents in this study have received some kind of professional help and underwent treatment for their addiction. This has for everyone also been preceded by one or several of negative incidents that have been the trigger factor in the seeking relief. For five people treatment has been considerable and/or a crucial part to become free from the alcohol addiction. Also other insertion of support after the treatment has been important for all of them. Other factory that has been important in the process is positive refutation and support from other people in the surrounding.</p>

Syftet med den här studien är att genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie undersöka vilken typ av motivation samt, i den mån de existerar, vändpunkter som lett till att individer har tagit sig ur ett alkoholmissbruk. Studien har utförts genom sex intervjuer med privatpersoner som har levt med alkoholmissbruk och via behandling fått hjälp att ta sig ur sagda missbruk. Intervjuerna bokades med hjälp av socialtjänsten i en mellansvensk kommun där samtliga respondenter har utfört sin behandling. Vi har tolkat vår empiri genom stämplingsteori och defining moments. Resultatet presenterar teman som belyser likheter i respondenternas upplevelser. Resultatet påvisar att individer behöver få en insikt om sitt missbruk för att behandling ska kunna ha en positiv påverkan. Denna insikt införskaffas genom olika processer eller fysiska skador som påverkat respondenterna liv. Även motivation från individen själv och det privata nätverket påverkar möjligheterna att ta sig ur ett alkoholmissbruk. Respondenterna ansåg att behovet av behandling är nyckeln för att bli fri från alkoholmissbruk då de ansåg att de inte hade kunskap eller möjlighet för att göra det själva. Detta är något som stärks av tidigare forskning inom området. / The purpose of this study is that through a qualitative interview study investigating what kind of motivation and, to the extent they exist, turning points that led individuals to emerged from an alcohol addiction. The study was conducted through six interviews with individuals who have been living with alcohol abuse and through the treatment received help to get out of said abuse. The interviews was booked with the help of the social services in a Swedish municipality where all respondents have completed their treatment. We have interpreted our empiricism by labeling theory and defining moments. The result presents themes that highlight the similarities in the respondents' experiences. The result demonstrates that individuals need to get an insight into his addiction to treatment will have a positive impact. This insight is acquired through various processes or physical damage that affected respondents lives. The motivation of the individual and the private network allso affects the ability to get out of an alcohol abuse. Respondents felt that the need for treatment is the key to freedom from alcohol abuse when they felt that they did not have the knowledge or the ability to do it themselves. This is something that is supported by previous research in the area.

Optimal prediction model of cyclical downturns proposed by Neftci (1982) was widely used in application to predict turning points of different economies such as US, UK, Japan, and West Germany. I apply Neftci model to predict the occurrence of bear markets of Taiwan stock market by using exchange rate of NTD, monitoring indicator of economy, and turnover rate of TAIEX as predictors. The results show that turnover rate outperforms the other two predictors, which signaled bear markets almost concurrently on average and the variation of the signal time is the smallest, ranging from 4 months lead to 4 months lag. / Optimal prediction model of cyclical downturns proposed by Neftci (1982) was widely used in application to predict turning points of different economies such as US, UK, Japan, and West Germany. I apply Neftci model to predict the occurrence of bear markets of Taiwan stock market by using exchange rate of NTD, monitoring indicator of economy, and turnover rate of TAIEX as predictors. The results show that turnover rate outperforms the other two predictors, which signaled bear markets almost concurrently on average and the variation of the signal time is the smallest, ranging from 4 months lead to 4 months lag.

Title: ”… Then came the realization that I was just like them. That I have a gambling addiction…” This is a qualitative study of four former gamblers and their experience of getting out of the gambling addiction. The study is about how individuals have overcome a gambling addiction. The purpose of this study is to examine the social processes and factors that are of importance when overcoming a gambling addiction. In addition, the study focuses on how individuals experience the change from gambling addiction to a life free of that addiction. In this thesis, I conducted a qualitative study in the form of semi-structured interviews with four former gamblers. The theoretical approach concentrated on Ebaugh’s (1988) role exit theory and Giddens’ (2005) identity formation theory has been used to illustrate the interviewees' experiences of gambling addiction and their identity as addiction free. The study shows that the gambling addiction has brought economic, social and health-related impacts and some of these aspects still exist today. The exit out of a gambling addiction has been a process with different phases and events where the process for some has been incrementally with relapses during the journey. Based on my results, the changing process appears to consist of parallel turning points where different and more significant events give rise to role exit. The study shows the need of continuous social support in combination with gambling association support efforts and the gamblers’ own insight, motivation and freedom of action. It appears that the interviewed have accepted their role that they had left behind and they take careful consideration to the past and the future and try to make more conscious choices and build their new identity. This is done by actions and re- evaluations of themselves and their world. It is based on their lives, by their own choices. However, these choices seem to be limited by conditions that occur in the interaction with the environment, social norms and social situations.

Syftet har varit att genom nyanlända ungdomars berättelser undersöka vilka faktorer som kan ha påverkat deras studie- och yrkesval. För att undersöka detta har livsberättelser använts som metodansats. Halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sju nyanlända ungdomar i åldern 19-21 år, som har studerat i hemlandet, flyttat till Sverige och idag studerar på ett nationellt gymnasieprogram. Intervjumaterialet bearbetades och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att de nyanlända ungdomarna såg positivt på sin framtid och att de studie-och yrkesval som gjorts i hemlandet till viss del fanns kvar. Skolgångens utformning och svårigheter med det svenska språket har dock begränsat ungdomarnas möjligheter till att kunna visa sina kunskaper, något som skulle kunna leda till att aspirationerna förändras, kunskapsutvecklingen stannar upp och studietiden förlängs. / The purpose has been, through young migrants’ stories, to examining the factors that may have affected their study- and career choices. In order to study this, life stories have been used as method approach. Partly structured interviews were conducted with seven young migrants’ ages 19-21 years, who have studied in their home countries, moved to Sweden and today study in a national high school program. Interview material were processed and analyzed with the help of thematic content analysis. The results showed that the young migrants’ felt positive about their futures and that the study and career choices made in their home countries, to some extent, still exist. The schooling system and difficulty with the Swedish language have limited the youths’ possibilities to demonstrate their knowledge, which could lead to that their aspirations may change, their academic development may be impeded and their academic years prolonged.