Graffiti is a near constant problem for historic structures and monuments, particularly in urban environments. Currently available non-destructive techniques are not always adequate for graffiti removal. Acrylic spray paints, the most common graffiti material, are composed of polymers which are subject to degradation by ultraviolet light. The feasibility of using this mechanism as a tool for graffiti removal was explored through practical experiments. Red acrylic paint was sprayed onto samples Indiana limestone which were then exposed to UV-B light sources for two, four, and six weeks. Following exposure, samples were scrubbed with acetone, a common solvent used in graffiti removal. Relative differences in the paint removal on the treated and untreated sides were observed, with more paint being removed from the treated sides in some cases. Additional samples were coated with titanium dioxide and exposed to ultraviolet light, yielded a greater level of overall paint removal. It was concluded that this mechanism offers promise and warrants further study. / Department of Architecture

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world and is defined by opacification of the normally transparent lens of the eye. The major avoidable cause of cataract is ultraviolet radiation (UVR), but no current strategies have been developed to prevent the onset of cataract. Apoptosis and internal and external antioxidant systems that inhibit apoptosis have been shown to play a significant role in cataractogenesis. The main purposes of this thesis were to study the time evolution of apoptosis, to develop the concept of a protection factor (PF), and to investigate the effect of thioltransferase (Grx1) and topical caffeine in UVR cataract development. Further, to elucidate pharmacokinetics and influence on iris diameter of topical caffeine. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to UVR and TUNEL staining of the lens sections was analysed. Grx1+/+ and Grx1-/- mice were exposed to 5 sub-doses of UVR. Based on the difference of light scattering between Grx1+/+ and Grx1-/- mice, the concept of the PF was developed. Topical caffeine and a placebo were applied to the eyes of separate groups of Sprague Dawley rats that were exposed to sub-doses of UVR and protective effect was evaluated. Penetration of topical caffeine in Sprague Dawley rats to lens and blood was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. Pupil diameter was measured in groups of unilaterally and bilaterally caffeine-treated ketamine/xylazine anesthetized Sprague Dawley rats. TUNEL-labeling peaked between 5 and 120 hours after UVR exposure. The PF of Grx1 was 1.3. Moreover, topically administered caffeine protected against UVR-induced cataract development with a PF of 1.23. Topical caffeine peaked at 30 min in the lens, increased up to 120 min in the blood and antagonized ketamine/xylazine-induced mydriasis. In conclusion, UVR induces apoptosis, which is evidenced by the peak of TUNEL-labeling at 24 hours after UVR exposure. The PF is an objective relative measure of protective properties that allows the comparison of different antioxidant systems and administered antioxidant substances. Grx1 and caffeine are protective against UVR-induced cataract. Topically administered caffeine penetrates to the lens and inhibits UVR-induced apoptosis. Additionally, a miotic effect of caffeine is described for the first time.

Graduation date: 1939

This research examines the problem of urban open space design in the city with an increasing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and covers aspects of behaviour scenarios, built sunshade design and choice of sunshade plants for landscaping / Thesis (PhDArchitectureandDesign)--University of South Australia, 2001

This research examines the problem of urban open space design in the city with an increasing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and covers aspects of behaviour scenarios, built sunshade design and choice of sunshade plants for landscaping / Thesis (PhDArchitectureandDesign)--University of South Australia, 2001

This research examines the problem of urban open space design in the city with an increasing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and covers aspects of behaviour scenarios, built sunshade design and choice of sunshade plants for landscaping / Thesis (PhDArchitectureandDesign)--University of South Australia, 2001

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, 1985. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 267-287).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-219).

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves : [44]-46).