In order to store and process natural phenomena in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) it is necessary to model the real world to form computational representation. Since classical set theory is used in conventional GIS software systems to model uncertain real world, the natural variability in the environmental phenomena can not be modeled appropriately. Because, pervasive imprecision of the real world is unavoidably reduced to artificially precise spatial entities when the conventional crisp logic is used for modeling. An alternative approach is the fuzzy set theory, which provides a formal framework to represent and reason with uncertain information. In addition, linguistic variable concept in a fuzzy logic system is useful for communicating concepts and knowledge with human beings. In this thesis, a system to enhance commercial GIS software, namely ArcGIS, with fuzzy set theory is designed and implemented. The proposed system allows users to (a) incorporate human knowledge and experience in the form of linguistically defined variables into GIS-based spatial analyses, (b) handle impreiii cision in the decision-making processes, and (c) approximate complex ill-defined problems in decision-making processes and classification. The operation of the proposed system is presented through case studies, which demonstrate its application for classification and decision-making processes. This thesis shows how fuzzy logic approach may contribute to a better representation and reasoning with imprecise concepts, which are inherent characteristics of geographic data stored and processed in GIS.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:28:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sabo_la_me_prud.pdf: 1272505 bytes, checksum: 420b25b538037de137a6798e23e7d7fc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Experimento baseado na aplicação de uma rede neural artificial para a classificação da cobertura do solo urbano de Presidente Prudente, SP, e na análise da incerteza na representação das classes temáticas mapeadas. A ambigüidade que caracteriza essas classes foi analisada através da distribuição espacial da probabilidade por classe, da incerteza por classe e da entropia, as quais foram posteriormente representadas em imagens em tons de cinza e mapas temáticos. Os resultados mostraram que o objetivo de discriminar as variações na cobertura do solo urbano através da aplicação de uma rede neural artificial na classificação foi atingido e, a partir das representações geradas, foi possível visualizar a variação espacial da incerteza na atribuição das classes de cobertura do solo urbano ao pixel. Além disso, foi possível verificar que a classe caracterizada por um padrão definido como intermediário, quanto à impermeabilidade do solo urbano, foi aquela que apresentou maior grau de ambigüidade e, portanto, maior mistura em relação às demais. A realização do experimento confirmou a expectativa inicial quanto ao potencial da rede neural artificial em discriminar classes de cobertura do solo urbano, caracterizadas pelo alto grau de mistura que apresentam, e representar espacialmente a incerteza associada a cada classe, desde que a aplicação de interesse seja cuidadosamente modelada. / This experiment aims the classification of the urban land cover of Presidente Prudente city and the analysis of the uncertainty in the representation of the mapped thematic classes. The ambiguity that characterizes those classes was analyzed through of the spatial distribution of the probability by class, of the uncertainty for class and of the entropy, wich were represented in gray levels images and thematic maps. The results showed that the aim of discriminating the variations in the urban land cover through the application of an ANN in the classification was reached. It was also possible to visualize the spatial variation of the uncertainty in the attribution of classes of urban land cover and from the generated representations. The class characterized by a pattern that define an intermediary level, related to the impermeability of the urban soil, showed larger ambiguity degree and, therefore, larger mixture. The experiment confirmed that the ANN can discriminate classes of urban land cover with high level of mixture and represent spatially the uncertainty associated with each class, since the application of interesting be modeled carefully.

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Bueno Trindade Galo / Banca: Selma Regina Aranha Ribeiro / Banca: Aparecida Doniseti Pires de Souza / Resumo: Experimento baseado na aplicação de uma rede neural artificial para a classificação da cobertura do solo urbano de Presidente Prudente, SP, e na análise da incerteza na representação das classes temáticas mapeadas. A ambigüidade que caracteriza essas classes foi analisada através da distribuição espacial da probabilidade por classe, da incerteza por classe e da entropia, as quais foram posteriormente representadas em imagens em tons de cinza e mapas temáticos. Os resultados mostraram que o objetivo de discriminar as variações na cobertura do solo urbano através da aplicação de uma rede neural artificial na classificação foi atingido e, a partir das representações geradas, foi possível visualizar a variação espacial da incerteza na atribuição das classes de cobertura do solo urbano ao pixel. Além disso, foi possível verificar que a classe caracterizada por um padrão definido como intermediário, quanto à impermeabilidade do solo urbano, foi aquela que apresentou maior grau de ambigüidade e, portanto, maior mistura em relação às demais. A realização do experimento confirmou a expectativa inicial quanto ao potencial da rede neural artificial em discriminar classes de cobertura do solo urbano, caracterizadas pelo alto grau de mistura que apresentam, e representar espacialmente a incerteza associada a cada classe, desde que a aplicação de interesse seja cuidadosamente modelada. / Abstract: This experiment aims the classification of the urban land cover of Presidente Prudente city and the analysis of the uncertainty in the representation of the mapped thematic classes. The ambiguity that characterizes those classes was analyzed through of the spatial distribution of the probability by class, of the uncertainty for class and of the entropy, wich were represented in gray levels images and thematic maps. The results showed that the aim of discriminating the variations in the urban land cover through the application of an ANN in the classification was reached. It was also possible to visualize the spatial variation of the uncertainty in the attribution of classes of urban land cover and from the generated representations. The class characterized by a pattern that define an intermediary level, related to the impermeability of the urban soil, showed larger ambiguity degree and, therefore, larger mixture. The experiment confirmed that the ANN can discriminate classes of urban land cover with high level of mixture and represent spatially the uncertainty associated with each class, since the application of interesting be modeled carefully. / Mestre

In my thesis I dealt with the capital decision making, with the methods to classification of the investments and with decision making under risk and uncertainty. The aim of the thesis was the application of mathematical methods by selection the options of the investments. The main task was to show the possibility of using decision trees, which are the graphical instruments for describing actions available to the decision maker. In the practical part there is described the process of making a decision tree on the example of the sale of real properties and on the example of the extraction of coal oil.