As informações de mortalidade são úteis para avaliar a situação de saúde de uma população. Dados de mortalidade confiáveis produzidos por um sistema de informação de saúde nacional constituem uma ferramenta importante para o planejamento de saúde. Em muitos países, sobretudo em desenvolvimento, o sistema de informação de mortalidade continua precário. Apesar dos esforços feitos em Moçambique para melhoria das estatísticas de mortalidade, os desafios ainda prevalecem em termos de tecnologias de informação, capacidade técnica de recursos humanos e em termos de produção estatística. O SIS-ROH é um sistema eletrônico de registro de óbitos hospitalares de nível nacional, implementado em 2008 e tem uma cobertura de apenas 4% de todos os óbitos anuais do país. Apesar de ser um sistema de nível nacional, ele presentemente funciona em algumas Unidades Sanitárias (US), incluindo o Hospital Central da Beira (HCB). Dada a importância deste sistema para monitorar o padrão de mortalidade do HCB e, no geral, da cidade da Beira, este estudo avalia a qualidade do SIS-ROH do HCB. É um estudo descritivo sobre a completitude, cobertura, concordância e consistência dos dados do SIS-ROH. Foram analisados 3.009 óbitos de menores de 5 anos ocorridos entre 2010 e 2013 e regsitrados no SIS-ROH e uma amostra de 822 Certificados de Óbitos (COs) fetais e de menores de 5 anos do HCB. O SIS-ROH apresentou uma cobertura inferior a 50% calculados com os dados de mortalidade estimados pelo Inquérito Nacional de Causas de Morte (INCAM). Verificamos a utilização de dois modelos diferentes de CO (modelo antigo e atual) para o registro de óbitos referentes ao ano de 2013. Observou-se completitude excelente para a maioria das variáveis do SISROH. Das 25 variáveis analisadas dos COs observou-se a seguinte situação: 9 apresentaram completitude muito ruim, sendo elas relativas à identificação do falecido (tipo de óbito e idade), relativas ao bloco V em que dados da mãe devem ser obrigatoriamente preenchidos em caso de óbitos fetais e de menores de 1 ano (escolaridade, ocupação habitual, número de filhos tidos vivos e mortos, duração da gestação) e relativas às condições e às causas de óbito (autópsia e causa intermédiacódigo); 3 variáveis apresentaram completitude ruim relativas à identificação do falecido (NID) e relativas às condições e causas de morte (causa intermédia - descrição e causa básica - código); 9 apresentaram completitude regular relativas à identificação do falecido (data de nascimento e idade), relativas ao bloco V (idade da mãe, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto, peso do feto/bebé ao nascer, morte do feto/bebé em relação ao parto) e relativas às condições e causa de óbito (causa direta- código, causa básica descrição); 2 apresentaram completitude bom relativas à identificação do falecido (sexo e raça/cor) e, por último, 2 apresentaram completitude excelente relativas ao local de ocorrência de óbito (data de internamento e data de óbito ou desaparecimento do cadáver). Algumas variáveis do SIS-ROH e dos COS apresentaram inconsistências. Observou-se falta de concordância para causa direta entre o SIS-ROH e os COs. Conclusão: Moçambique tem feito esforços para aprimorar as estatísticas de mortalidade, porém há lacunas na qualidade; a análise rotineria dos dados pode identificar essas lacunas e subsidiar seu aprimoramento. / The mortality information is useful to assess the health status of a population. Reliable mortality data produced by a national health information system is an important tool for health planning. In many countries, especially developing countries, the mortality information system is still precarious. Despite efforts in Mozambique to improve mortality statistics, challenges still prevail in terms of information technology, technical capacity and human resources and statistical production. The SIS-ROH is an electronic system of national-level hospital deaths registration, implemented in 2008 and has a coverage of only 4% of all annual deaths in the country. Despite being a national system, it currently works in some health units (US), including Beira Central Hospital (HCB). Given the importance of this system to monitor the mortality pattern of HCB and, in general, the city of Beira, this study evaluates the quality of SIS-ROH HCB. It is a descriptive study on the completeness, coverage, compliance and consistency of the SIS-ROH data and examined a sample of 822 HCB deaths Certificates (COs) of fetal and children under 5 years of age. We find the use of two different models of CO (former and current model) for the registration of deaths related to the year 2013. We observed excellent completeness for most SIS-ROH variables. Of the 25 variables of COs there was the following situation: 9 had very bad completeness, which were relating to the identification of the deceased (type of death and age) on the V block in the mother\'s data, where must be filled in case of stillbirths and children under 1 year of age (education, usual occupation, number of living children taken and killed, gestational age) and on the conditions and causes of death (autopsy and intermediate-code causes); 3 variables had bad completeness concerning the identification of the deceased (NID) and on the conditions and causes of death (intermediate cause - description and basic cause - code); 9 showed regular completeness concerning the identification of the deceased (date of birth and age) on the V block (mother\'s age, type of pregnancy, mode of delivery, weight of the fetus / baby birth, death of the fetus / baby compared to delivery) and on the conditions and causes of death (direct cause code, basic cause description); 2 showed good completeness concerning the identification of the deceased (sex and race / color) and, finally, 2 showed excellent completeness concerning the place of occurrence of death (date of admission and date of death or the disappearance corpse). The SIS-ROH had coverage below 50% calculated on mortality data estimated by the National Survey of Causes of Death (INCAM). Some SIS-ROH variables and COS showed inconsistencies. There was a lack of agreement to direct cause between SIS-ROH and COs.

Introdução - A anemia é considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública da atualidade, afetando as populações de quase todos os países, sobretudo aqueles onde predominam padrões dietéticos deficientes e fatores ambientais adversos. Objetivo - Investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia em crianças menores de cinco anos e mulheres em idade reprodutiva entre a população atendida pela Estratégia da Saúde da Família (ESF), no estado do Maranhão. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal de base populacional. A amostra se constitui de 978 crianças de seis a 59 meses e 978 mulheres de 15 a 49 anos de idade cadastradas na ESF em 21 municípios escolhidos por sorteio sistemático probabilístico entre as quatro macrorregiões e capital do Estado. A coleta de dados foi realizada em entrevistas domiciliares por meio de questionário aplicado junto às mães ou responsáveis pelas crianças, contendo informações sobre a situação socioeconômica e demográfica e de segurança alimentar da família, e das condições de saúde das mulheres e das crianças. Foram medidos peso e altura, para avaliação do estado nutricional e feita a dosagem da concentração de hemoglobina do sangue capilar com leitura imediata pelo hemoglobinômetro portátil Agabe®. A associação entre a anemia e as variáveis foi verificada primeiramente por análise bivariada e posteriormente por regressão de Poisson, segundo modelo hierarquizado. Resultados A prevalência média de anemia entre as mulheres foi de 36, por cento para o estado do Maranhão e 55,1 por cento para a capital, São Luís. Entre as crianças, a prevalência também foi mais elevada na capital (68,7 por cento ) em relação ao estado como um todo (51,6 por cento ). Tanto as mulheres como as crianças apresentaram prevalências mais elevadas na área urbana. O grupo de 6-23 meses de idade foi mais afetado pelo problema (65 por cento ) do que o de 24-59 meses (42 por cento ), assim como aquele cujas mães também apresentavam anemia (63,6 por cento ). A análise de regressão identificou como fatores de risco para a anemia em crianças ter idade inferior a dois anos, presença de anemia materna, coabitação de três ou mais crianças menores de cinco anos no domicílio e residir na capital do estado. Para as mulheres os fatores de risco associados à anemia foram morar na capital e estar acima do peso. Conclusões As elevadas prevalências de anemia encontradas em crianças e mulheres no Maranhão a configuram como um problema de saúde pública entre a população atendida pela ESF. É necessária a busca de intervenções factíveis de serem aplicadas uma vez que, tanto o Programa Nacional de Suplementação do Ferro, para lactentes, como o de fortificação das farinhas de trigo e de milho vigentes no Brasil não conseguiram fazer com que a prevalência avaliada através dos grupos crianças e mulheres em idade fértil esteja no limite aceitável. Igualmente há que considerar que dos fatores de risco detectados poucos são susceptíveis a modificação e estão relacionados ao consumo de alimentos e seus fatores determinantes / Introduction - Anemia is considered one of the greatest public health problems today, affecting populations of almost all countries, especially those where lacking dietary patterns and adverse environmental factors predominate. Objective - To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in children under five and women of childbearing age in the state of Maranhão. Methods - A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample was comprised of 978 children aged six to 59 months and 978 women aged 15 to 49 years old enrolled in Family Health Strategy (FHS) in 21 counties selected by systematic random probability among the four geographical regions of the state and the capital. Data collection was performed on household interviews through questionnaire applied to mothers or childrens caretakers, containing information on demographic and socioeconomic status and household food security, and women and childrens health conditions. Weight and height were measured to assess nutritional status and followed by hemoglobin concentration of the blood capillary with immediate reading by Agabe ® portable hemoglobin. The association between anemia and the variables was checked first by bivariate analysis, followed by Poisson regression with a hierarchical model. Results - The prevalence of anemia among women was 36.0 per cent for the state of Maranhão and 55.1 per cent for capital, São Luís. Among children, the prevalence was also higher in the capital (68.7 per cent ) compared to the state as a whole (51.6 per cent ). Both women and children had a higher prevalence in urban areas. The group of 6-23 months of age was most affected by the problem (65 per cent ) than that of 24-59 months (42 per cent ), as one whose mothers also had anemia (63.6 per cent ). The regression analysis identified as risk factors for anemia in children age less than two years, the presence of maternal anemia, cohabitation of three or more children under five at home and reside in the capital. For women the risk factors associated with anemia were living in the capital and being overweight. Conclusions - The high prevalence of anemia in children and women found in Maranhão configure anemia as a public health among the population served by the FHS. It requires the implementation of feasible intervention measures for the control and prevention of this disease once, both, the National Iron Supplementation for infants, such as the fortification of wheat and corn flour current in Brazil failed to make the prevalence evaluated through children and childbearing age groups is on the acceptable limits. Its also necessary to consider that among the risk factors identified few are susceptible to modification and are related to food consumption and its determinants

According to WHO, diarrhea disease is the second leading cause of death worldwide for children under five. Around 525 000 children under five are killed every year by diarrhea. Most deaths from diarrhea occur among children less than 2 years of age living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. With a comprehensive strategy that ensures all children in need receive critical prevention and treatment measures it is possible to save the lives of millions of children at risk of death from diarrhea. The aim of this study was to identify what kind of treatment has been given to under-five children with symptoms of diarrhea and what kind of care the respondent sought in Zambia, a low-income country. Method: A cross-sectional study with secondary data from Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). The first-born child under five with diarrhea the last two weeks was selected in this study, to analyze what kind of treatment was given when showing symptoms of diarrhea. Out of the first-born children (n=7048) we found that 1 289 children had diarrhea during the last two weeks before the survey. Result: Of children having diarrhea 80% received some kind of treatment. Thirty eight percent of the children with diarrhea symptoms was given zinc and 67% was given pre-packaged Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS). The first place to seek treatment for the child’s diarrhea was at the Government Health Center (66%)followed by 18% that sought treatment at the Government Health Post. Conclusion: This study showed that the treatment and care seeking behavior for caregivers to under-5 children with diarrhea is of public health concern. Less than half of the children receives zinc as a treatment and 67% receives prepacked ORS. There is a need for education and awareness on the efficacy of ORS and especially zinc in preventing diarrhoea mortality and contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goals target 3.2. / <p>Betyg i Ladok 210314.</p>

Background Diarrhea is a common diseases and each year around 5 billion children suffer from this diseases globally. According to BDHS 2017-18, 21% mothers had no education. Moreover, maternal education might consider to be one of the important aspect which plays a great role to diarrheal incidence. So the aim of this study is to explore the association between level of maternal education and recent episode of diarrhea among under five children in Bangladesh. Method The quantitative cross-sectional study utilized the secondary data from Bangladesh Demography and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017.Data was collected from Women’s Questionnaire and total 8398 mothers having  children aged 0-59 months were selected. Descriptive analysis, crosstab chi-squared tests, and logistic regression analyses were conducted to describe the background characteristics of the participants and explore the association between exposure and outcome of interest. Result Approximately 5% of the children had diarrhea and 17% of the mothers had higher level of education. Children whose mother had higher education had 30% lower risk of having diarrhea (OR=0.70, CI 0.44-1.13) compared to the children having uneducated mother. However, findings revealed that there is no significant association between maternal education and the incidence of diarrhea in the study population.  Conclusion  Based on this study, maternal education has no association with diarrhea among under five children. However, there might be several other factors responsible for the reduction of diarrheal diseases other than maternal education.

L’accès financier limité aux soins de santé a suscité l’instauration de politiques sanitaires de subvention des soins en Afrique. Au Burkina Faso, une ONG, en complémentarité avec la politique sanitaire nationale subventionne à 100% depuis septembre 2008 les soins et les médicaments pour les enfants de moins de cinq ans dans le district sanitaire de Dori. L’intervention regroupe formation du personnel soignant, supervisions et suppression de paiement des soins et des médicaments. L’objectif de l’étude est d’analyser l’effet de cette intervention sur l’adéquation des prescriptions médicales. Neuf centres de santé ont été pris en compte. Au total 14956 ordonnances d’enfants de moins de cinq ans ciblés par l’intervention ont été sélectionnées par échantillonnage systématique à partir des registres de consultation un an avant et un an après l’instauration de l’intervention. Quatorze prescripteurs ont été interviewés. Les prescriptions ont été analysées par comparaison au référentiel de l’OMS ainsi qu’au référentiel national. Le discours des prescripteurs a été analysé en vue de comprendre leur perception de leur changement de pratiques depuis de début de la subvention. L’intervention a eu pour effet de diminuer l’utilisation des injections (Rapport de cote (RC) =0,28; p<0,005) dans le cas des infections respiratoires aiguës (IRA). Elle a entraîné une diminution de l’utilisation inappropriée des antibiotiques dans les cas de paludisme seul (RC=0,48; p<0,0005). Le nombre moyen de médicaments par ordonnance a également diminué de 14% dans les cas d’IRA (p<0,0005). Les prescripteurs ont affirmé pour la plupart que leurs pratiques se sont soit maintenues soit améliorées. L’intervention a entrainé une amélioration de l’adéquation des prescriptions médicales dans certains cas. / The limited financial access to health care has encouraged the creation of health policies for subsidizing care in Africa. In Burkina Faso, an NGO, in line with the national health policy has been subsidizing care and medicines for children under five years in the health district of Dori since September 2008. The program includes training of health workers, supervision and removal of fees for health care and medication. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of this free care program on the adequacy of drugs prescriptions. Nine health centers were taken into account. A total of 14,956 prescriptions of the target group of children under five years were collected from consultation records a year before and after the introduction of free care program. In addition, fourteen prescribers were interviewed. The prescriptions were analyzed in comparison to the WHO and the national reference. The prescribers’ responses were analyzed to understand their perception of their change in practice since the introduction of the free care program. The study showed that the free care program had an effect by decreasing the use of injections (Odds Ratio (OR) =0.28, p < 0.005) in acute respiratory infections (ARI) cases. It also led to decrease in inappropriate use of antibiotics in the case of malaria (OR=0.48, p<0.0005). The average number of drugs per prescription was also found to have decreased by 14% (p<0.0005) in ARI cases. Several prescribers asserted that their practices are maintained or improved. The program leads to an improvement in the adequacy of drugs prescriptions.

No description available.

MCur / Department of Advanced Nursing Science / Malnutrition is globally considered the key risk factors of illness and death which affect over 90 million children under the age of five. The study aim was to determine the perception of caregivers regarding factors contributing to malnutrition in children under 5 years in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo province. A qualitative approach, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was used in the study. Nine participants were sampled through simple random sampling. Data was collected through in- depth individual interview and was analysed through Tesch‘s analytical approach. Measures to ensure trustworthiness and ethical consideration were adhered to throughout the study. Three themes emerged from study, namely: caregivers perceived contributory factors to malnutrition, financial difficulties and help that were sought from various available resources. In conclusion, feeding practices to most of the participants was a challenge, they had financial difficulties since they were not working and depended on social and child grants for living, and the study recommends the development of strategies to assist caregivers in preventing malnutrition in children. / NRF

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la réflexion sur le lien entre l'éducation des parents, en particulier celle de la mère sur la mortalité des enfants est demeurée une priorité de recherche et un enjeu majeur pour les organisations internationales et les décideurs politiques des pays en développement, confrontés à une mortalité plus élevée et un niveau d’éducation plus faible que dans les pays à revenu élevé. Toutefois, en dépit des arguments théoriques qui justifient l’importance de l’éducation de la mère sur la mortalité des enfants, bon nombre de travaux empiriques menés dans les pays en développement, et surtout ceux de l'Afrique subsaharienne, ont révélé une relation mitigée, indiquant parfois une atténuation ou une absence de relation. Les raisons avancées pour expliquer la divergence des résultats observés ont généralement trait aux différents contextes dans lesquels les études ont été réalisées et aux problèmes surtout d’ordre méthodologique et conceptuel résultant des données disponibles. En utilisant les données des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS) du Bénin, l'objectif principal de cette thèse était d’aboutir à une meilleure compréhension des aspects méthodologiques et conceptuels relatifs à l’association entre l’éducation des parents et la mortalité des enfants. Trois objectifs spécifiques sont examinés. Le premier objectif spécifique est consacré à la relation entre l’éducation de la mère et la mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans en 1991-1996 et 2001-2006 pour cerner d'une part, les différences de mortalité des enfants selon les catégories d'éducation de la mère à chacune des périodes et, d'autre part, la variation du risque de mortalité des enfants selon l'éducation de la mère entre ces deux périodes, considérant la baisse de mortalité des enfants qu'a connue le Bénin. Le deuxième objectif spécifique vise à cerner l'impact du niveau moyen de l’éducation des femmes de la communauté sur la mortalité des enfants. Dans le troisième objectif spécifique, nous évaluons dans quelle mesure l'éducation du père (variable souvent omise dans les études antérieures) contribue à l'amélioration de la survie des enfants. Les résultats de nos analyses sont présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques. À l'aide des analyses multi-niveaux en temps discret, les résultats de l'article 1 montrent que le risque de mortalité des enfants de mères non éduquées n'est pas significativement différent de celui des enfants de mères qui n'ont pas complété le cycle primaire (1 à 5 ans de scolarité). Ce résultat a été observé aussi bien à l’EDS de 1996 qu'à celle de 2006. Le risque de mortalité des enfants de mères qui ont complété au moins le cycle primaire (6 années de scolarité et plus) est plutôt faible comparativement à celui des enfants de mères non éduquées. Les résultats montrent également que le différentiel du risque de mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans selon l'éducation de la mère n'a pas significativement changé entre les deux périodes d'enquêtes (1991-1996 et 2001-2006) au Bénin. S'agissant de l’impact du niveau moyen d’éducation des femmes de la communauté sur la mortalité des enfants (article 2), nos résultats confirment que le risque de mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans est moins élevé dans les communautés où la proportion de femmes éduquées est plus élevée, et ce, indépendamment de l'éducation de la mère. Plus intéressant, l'effet de l'éducation communautaire sur la mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans était plus important dans les communautés où l'offre de soins de santé est disponible et accessible. Quant à l'influence de l'éducation du père (variable souvent omise dans les précédentes études) (article 3), il ressort que le fait d'avoir un père éduqué réduit significativement le risque de mortalité des enfants. Par contre, son effet s'est révélé significatif seulement dans les communautés où l'offre de soins de santé est disponible et accessible. / The possible impact of parental education (especially that of the mother) on child mortality remains an important issue for researchers and a priority for international organizations and policy makers in developing countries, which face relatively higher mortality and lower levels of education. However, despite the theoretical arguments that justify the importance of mother's education for child mortality, many studies in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have revealed an ambiguous relationship, indicating sometimes an attenuation or lack of relationship. The lack of conclusive evidence is generally related to different contexts in which the studies were conducted and to methodological and conceptual problems resulting from the data used. Using DHS data from Benin, the main objective of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the association between parental education and the under-five mortality. Specifically, this study examines: 1) the levels of child mortality by mother's education, focusing on differences between children born to women with no versus incomplete primary schooling (1-5 years of schooling) and changes in the estimated effects of mothers’ schooling across two time periods (1991-1996 and 2001-2006); 2) the extent to which education of women in the community influences the under-five mortality, and finally, 3) the impact of fathers’ schooling on under-five mortality. Using multilevel discrete-time logit models, we show in the first article that mothers with more than 5 years of schooling experience lower under-five mortality risk than mothers with no education. However, no significant difference in the under-five mortality risk between mothers with no education and those with incomplete primary education (1-5 years of schooling) is found for either of the two surveys. Furthermore, estimated effect of mothers’ schooling on under-five mortality did not change significantly between 1991-1996 to 2001-2006. In the second article, our results confirm that residing in a community where more women aged 15-49 have over 5 years of schooling is independently associated with lower under-five mortality. Interestingly, the impact of women's education in the community was more pronounced in areas with higher average child immunization rates. This suggests that the availability and accessibility of health services in the community is a possible mechanism through which the women's community-level education influences child survival. In the third article, we found that father's education is positively associated with the child survival, an effect that is attenuated when after controlling for the supply of health care services accessible in the community.

No description available.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the comparison of mortality structure by age and includes 194 member countries of the World Health Organization. The aim of the thesis is to confront mortality development in these countries with the help of individual mortality characteristics. At the beginning of this thesis are defined demographic terms and indicators, data sources and calculation methodology. The databases of the World Health Organization and the World Bank were used as the main source of data and all countries were divided into six world regions. The second chapter is devoted to selected types of mortality, namely neonatal and infant, under-five mortality, maternal mortality and adult mortality. After that, the work focuses on life expectancy of 0 and 60 years of age divided per sex. The last chapter is devoted to the optimum retirement age in selected countries. Conclusion connects of the all above well, and we can find there comprehensive information about difference of mortality practically all over the world.