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This thesis presents three chapters on the subject of unemployment persistence. Two of the chapters are empirically focussed and the other is a purely theoretic work. Unemployment persistence is defined as the existence of serial correlation in individual employment outcomes. The first chapter finds evidence for unemployment persistence among men and women in the Australian youth labour market. Individual labour market dynamics are analysed using the Australian Longitudinal Survey. The analytic framework used is a Random Effects Probit model, incorporating lagged employment status as an explanatory variable status. Results support a “scarring” effect of unemployment upon individuals’ future employment prospects. The second chapter provides decision-theoretic foundations for unemployment persistence, based upon heterogeneous intrinsic productivity among workers. A representative firm is assumed to receive an imperfectly precise signal of worker ability every period, and re-forms its beliefs every period using a Bayesian updating method. A model of the dynamic behaviour of optimal employment decisions by the firm is constructed. It is shown that under certain circumstances workers of all productivities may be “scarred” in the eyes of the firm by past unemployment, due to the firm’s being unwilling to hire from an unemployment pool of dubious quality. The third chapter presents a detailed investigation into how to measure unemployment persistence within the UK. The chapter presents several modelling strategies capable of being used to analyse panel data of a binary nature, and discusses how to decide which methods are most appropriate in particular environments. Panel data on men from the British Household Panel Survey are used to estimate a structural state dependence equation in employment status, where lagged employment status is used as an explanatory variable. Particular attention is given to controlling for unobserved heterogeneity between individuals. The empirical results indicate strong evidence of unemployment persistence.

The work deals with the problems of employing people with disabilities and ethical aspects related to the problem. Describes their difficulties in finding an employment, problems of discrimination, difficulty with unemployment and also how unemployment affects the psyche of the people. It also deals with how the state helps people who have difficulty with finding employment and other ethical problems such as the problem of discrimination, solidarity in the welfare state, the right to work and so on. It also shows the status of people with disabilities in the society and whether their rights are always respected in society.

Presented dissertation analysis to what extent is motivation to occupation affected by minimum wage and by State system of social help. It focuses on very controversial topic of today's society and that is if current rate of minimum wage is sufficient for people to pay off or if it is discouraging them to search for a new job so people then prefer to draw the social benefits rather than working. The dissertation illustrates definition of minimum wage and its development in the Czech Republic, furthermore it deals with the function of minimum wage and especially with its influence on motivation to work and its consequences on an employment. It also contains how and in what amount the minimum wage set down in European Union is. In the contrast the dissertation handles the theory of welfare state and social system in the Czech Republic, it contains scope of social benefits which are in the Czech Republic provided during unemployment or to people with low income. In the next section the dissertation is focused on the analysis of existing issues originating from minimum wage and social benefits. It also introduces us research that have been done in this area. Finally, the dissertation includes its own research investigation whose goal was to prove whether people are motivated or not to accept job with...