Various physical parameters of solvents within two component, PMMA + Solvent films are analyzed for their impact upon the coating uniformity of spin deposited PMMA films. Towards this end, a model is presented for describing the surface behavior of spin-on films during the latter stages of deposition, correlating the tendency of a film toward non-uniform deposition to physical characteristics of the spin-on solution. A finite difference solution to this model is presented for two-component, spin-on films that is shown to effectively predict the uniformity of the resulting thin-film layers. The model is then used to determine the impact of specific film parameters upon the predicted spin-on uniformity of the film. Based upon these results, the interdependency between evaporation rate, solvent viscosity, surface tension and rotation rate in determining the uniformity of the spin-on film is evaluated by comparing the model predictions against those found in actual spin-on, two component films. The results from this model are used to provide a physical explanation for why certain surface non-uniformities begin to develop during spin coating.

International investment law has been developing for centuries. During the development process of international investment law, legal norms and principles of international investment law are evolved and shaped as sui generis nature, and separate legal regime as a branch of international law. The contemporary international investment law, according to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development data, currently, 2283 BITs and 280 other investment agreements are in force in international investment system, and high numbers of disputes are pending in different international dispute settlement bodies. These international investment agreements are interpreted and applied by arbitrators at different investor-state dispute settlement institutions or in ad-hoc arbitrations. Different interpretations and paradoxical arbitration awards cause critics regarding consistency, coherence and uniformity issues of the international investment law regime. Given the characteristics of international investment law regime, this thesis aims to study the institutionalisation and constitutionalisation processes of the international investment law regime. Moreover, the thesis attempts to ascertain consistent means by examining the nature of the international investment law regime and its institutionalisation and constitutionalisation processes to solve the issues associated with uniformity consistency and coherence. This thesis can also provide guidance and some recommendations that would have a chance of being carried out regarding new trends and developments of the international investment regime. Therefore, the major concern of this research is to understand the suitability of institutionalisation and constitutionalisation to sustain more consistent, coherent and uniform international investment law regime. In the first part of the research project, the nature of international investment law and its interaction with other international law systems, definitions and the necessity of uniformity, coherence and consistency are scrutinized. The second part starts with the solutions in the literature and their overview, and then institutionalisation and constitutionalisation are discussed. In the last part of this research, the energy sector and the Energy Charter Treaty are examine as case study, trying to understand the current creation of a uniform, coherent and consistent international investment regime in the energy sector. This thesis illustrates the nature of the international investment law regime and concepts of institutionalisation and constitutionalisation in legal perspective, as well as analysing coherence, consistency and uniformity issues of the international investment law regime. This project shows institutionalisation and constitutionalisation are developing processes in international investment law regime and they are consistent with the current global trends and developments of the international investment law regime as a branch of international law. The thesis suggests, despite the presence of the uniformity, consistency and coherence issues in international investment law regime, the international investment regime is the compulsory element of world globalisation, and those issues may be solved via applying new approaches that are consistent with the international investment regime’s sui generis nature and its evolving process. This thesis shows institutionalisation and constitutionalisation are congruent with the sui generis nature of international investment regime and contemporary trends and developments.

In this study it was aimed to design and operate a new system with sufficient number of rotating drums since rotation of turntable is incapable of providing uniformity. Effect of new design on final color values and moisture content were also investigated. Macaroni beads were colored with CoCl2 solution and processed in a domestic microwave oven starting from 11.3&plusmn / 0.10% moisture content and L*= 41.1&plusmn / 0.31 , a*= 8.5&plusmn / 0.27 , b*= 5.3&plusmn / 0.22 color value with turntable and the proposed design. In experiments 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% power levels and 1, 2 and 3 min processing times and 2 different locations were used. The average color values measured were not affected significantly by the locations studied inside the cavity for both operation types. The changes in color values were found to be significant with altering power level for both operation types. Time also changed average color values for samples processed on turntable and in rotating drums. The new design lowered the average L* values of the final product and kept the sample from burning. Average a* and b* values were not significantly affected by the operation type. The uniformity of final product in terms of color distribution was affected significantly by the operation type and the improvement in uniformity calculated quantitatively by means of variances and found out that the new design improved the color uniformity of the final product by 94.7%. The non-uniformity of the products processed on turntable was significantly changed with power level. Time or location did not affect uniformity significantly for both operation types. The final average moisture contents of samples processed on turntable were lower than the ones processed with the new design. That is, the rotating drums lowered the moisture removal compared to the turntable.

Integrated microlens array on a transparent film, called an optical film, provides interesting applications for various fields. In a FPD (Flat Panel Display), the optical films are the more important components to improve the efficiency and quality. In this dissertation, a diffuser film which consisted of two different microlens arrays on the two surfaces of a film was developed and used to enhance the brightness and uniformity of a light source. There were also several microlens arrays developed, such as a hexagonal microlens array with gap and gapless, a gapless dual-curvature microlens array and a diffuser film. A process called polygonal microlens array process had been used to manufacture them. It had advantages of mass production, various polygonal shapes and 100% fill-factor. A softer mold of PDMS and a metal mold of NiCo alloy were utilized to replicate the MLAs. In this dissertation, several replication processes were applied to mass product and to find out which one is more suitable for the diffuser film. In this dissertation, the results of different shapes and dimensions of microlens arrays showed various light distribution. Therefore, for searching a more suitable and novel layout of a diffuser, Taguchi Method with simulation was used to design the layout of a diffuser film before fabrication process. Finally, a diffuser film was measured and demonstrated its optical effects. According to the results of measurement and simulation, the average intensity and the S/N ratios were shown. The trend of simulation and measurement was also similar.

No description available.

For several common inkjet, laser and thermal dye printers, a method of evaluating prints that is not associated with the level of dental expertise of the observer is introduced. In addition, an automated analysis that mimics the observations made by observers is tested. Metrics that are evaluated in this study include spatial resolution, contrast uniformity, the type of paper, and overall observer preference. The results demonstrate that observer preference is associated with a high print contrast uniformity and with the use of glossy paper, but not with increased spatial resolution. The automated analysis produced results that were in general agreement with the observer data for spatial resolution, which concluded that the Lexmark C543DN printer produced prints with the highest spatial resolution. A thermal dye printer (Kodak CMI1000) produced prints with the highest contrast uniformity, and the print most favored by observers overall was produced by the Kodak ESP-9 inkjet printer on Kodak Everyday Glossy Photo paper.

For several common inkjet, laser and thermal dye printers, a method of evaluating prints that is not associated with the level of dental expertise of the observer is introduced. In addition, an automated analysis that mimics the observations made by observers is tested. Metrics that are evaluated in this study include spatial resolution, contrast uniformity, the type of paper, and overall observer preference. The results demonstrate that observer preference is associated with a high print contrast uniformity and with the use of glossy paper, but not with increased spatial resolution. The automated analysis produced results that were in general agreement with the observer data for spatial resolution, which concluded that the Lexmark C543DN printer produced prints with the highest spatial resolution. A thermal dye printer (Kodak CMI1000) produced prints with the highest contrast uniformity, and the print most favored by observers overall was produced by the Kodak ESP-9 inkjet printer on Kodak Everyday Glossy Photo paper.

Submitted by HILDA CRISTINA PALMA BENDEZU null (20040345@lamolina.edu.pe) on 2016-03-24T13:00:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese Hilda Cristina Palma Bendezu6.pdf: 1558283 bytes, checksum: d21841bd46693cc1b6787aa6f8a3b529 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-24T13:17:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 palmabendezu_hc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1558283 bytes, checksum: d21841bd46693cc1b6787aa6f8a3b529 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T13:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 palmabendezu_hc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1558283 bytes, checksum: d21841bd46693cc1b6787aa6f8a3b529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um modelo para calcular as ingestões de aminoácidos e energia para a fase de maturação sexual e produção de ovos. As exigências de energia, aminoácidos e consumo de ração foram calculados pelo método fatorial, considerando na fase de maturação sexual a quantidade de nutrientes requerida para mantença e a quantidade de nutrientes necessários para crescimento e deposição de nutrientes corporais em cada componente do corpo (ovário, oviduto, corpo livre de penas e penas); na fase de produção foram considerados a quantidade de nutrientes exigida para mantença e a quantidade de nutrientes exigida para a produção de ovos com base no potencial de postura das aves. Foram realizados três ensaios. Os dois primeiros ensaios foram realizados na fase da maturação sexual (de 16 a 28 semanas), no ensaio foram utilizadas 96 aves da linhagem Isa Brown para descrever o crescimento dos órgãos reprodutivos. Duas vezes por semana foram abatidas quatro aves e foi registrado o peso da ave com e sem pena, o peso do ovário e oviduto, adicionalmente se tomara amostra de cada uma destas para posterior analises no laboratório. Nesta mesma fase foi realizado um segundo experimento para avaliar os resultados do consumo predito. Foram utilizadas 76 frangas de 15 a 24 semanas de idade da linagem Hy-Line e ISA-Brown e foi mensurado o consumo diário antes do primeiro ovo. No ensaio da fase de produção (18 a 60 semanas), foram utilizadas 60 aves da linhagem Isa Brown e 60 aves da linhagem Hy-line. Neste período foi registrado a produção, o peso do ovo e o peso dos componentes do ovo (gema, albúmen e casca) das 120 aves. Adicionalmente, foi registrado semanalmente o peso da ave e da sobra de ração para estimar o consumo. Na fase de maturação sexual, os parâmetros de crescimento dos órgãos reprodutivos foram estimados pela equação de Gompertz e com base nestas informações foram calculadas o consumo predito. Os dados do segundo experimento foram para avaliar a acurácia e a precisão dos dados de consumo preditos com base no crescimento do corpo e dos órgãos reprodutivos. O consumo predito sobreestima em 0.41 g/day (P>0.05) e 2.65 g/day (P>0.001) para Hy-Line e Isa Brown, respectivamente. No ensaio da fase de produção foram calculados a produção da gema, o cumprimento do ciclo interno e o peso dos componentes do ovo e com base nesta informação foi calculada a ingestão da energia efetiva e aminoácidos (lisina e metionina+cistina) para a fase de produção. O peso médio do ovo foi 55.1 g e 59.7 g no pico de produção para a linagem Hy-Line e ISA-Brown. Neste período a ingestão de energia efetiva e lisina foi 1067 kJ/d e 723 mg/d para o indivíduo médio da população de Hy-Line, 1075 kJ/d e 744 mg/d para ISA-Brown. Neste estudo, se fundamenta a utilização da modelagem como ferramenta para predizer o potencial de produção de ovos e consumo de nutrientes. Constituindo informação valiosa para simular respostas com diferentes populações, além de fornecer conhecimento do sistema envolvido na produção. / The aim of this study was to develop a model to calculate the feed intake and the nutrient requirement for pre-laying and laying phase. energy and amino acids intake were calculated by the factorial method, taking into account the nutrients required for maintenance and growth of each body component (ovary, oviduct, feather-free body and feathers) in the pre-laying phase and in laying phase were considered the amount of nutrients required for maintenance and for egg production. Two trials were carried out in the sexual maturation phase (16-28 weeks), 96 Isa Brown laying hens were used to describe the growth of the reproductive organs. Twice a week, four birds were slaughtered and measured the body weight with and without feather and the weight of the reproductive organs (ovary and oviduct), additionally samples were taken to analysis in the laboratory (dry matter, gross energy and crude protein). A second experiment in the same phase, it was conducted to evaluate the results of predicted feed intake. Seventy six Hy-Line and ISA-Brown pullets from 15 to 24 weeks of age were used to measure daily feed intake before the first egg. In the laying phase (18-60 weeks), sixty laying birds of Isa Brown and Hy-line were used to register the egg production, egg weight and the weight of the egg components (yolk, albumen and shell). The growth parameters of reproductive organs were estimated by Gompertz equation in the pre-laying phase, and based on this information were predicted feed intake. The data of the second experiment were used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the predicted feed intake based on the growth of body and reproductive organs. The predicted feed intake overestimate 0.41 g / day (P> 0.05) and 2.65 g / day (P> 0.001) to Hy-Line Brown and Isa Brown, respectively. Yolk production, internal cycle and the weight of egg components was calculated for the laying phase and based on this information was calculated effective energy intake and aminoacids (lysine and methionine plus cystine). The average egg weight was 55.1 g and 59.7 g at peak production for Hy-Line and ISA-Brown strain. In this period the average intake of effective energy and lysine was 1067 kJ / d and 723 mg / d for average Hy-Line birds, 1075 kJ / d and 744 mg / d for ISA-Brown. Mathematical Models is a tool to predict the potential for egg production and nutrient intake. Constituting valuable information to simulate responses to different populations, as well as providing knowledge of the biological system involved in the production. / FAPESP: 2013/25761-4

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_as_me_botfca.pdf: 528115 bytes, checksum: d7eb1e42207e48449b3c6f68d61759a1 (MD5) / Um sistema de irrigação deve possibilitar o manejo eficiente da lâmina de água aplicada. Para tal, é necessário avaliar o desempenho do sistema em operação. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição de água em um sistema de irrigação por aspersão do tipo pivô central rebocável operando em duas áreas com condições de desníveis e comprimento de adutora distintas. O ensaio foi realizado na fazenda Buriti Mirim, no município de Angatuba – SP, com duas regulagens no relê percentual, a 15% e 100%, com os pluviômetros espaçados de três em três metros, colocados em média a 0,50m de altura em relação ao solo. Para a avaliação do desempenho do sistema, utilizou-se o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) e o coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD), baseados a partir das lâminas de água coletadas em pluviômetros instalados sob os emissores do equipamento. Verificou-se que todos os valores do CUC ficaram abaixo dos valores mínimos recomendados demonstrando baixa eficiência na distribuição de água do equipamento, e que as mudanças de posição afetaram os valores de lâmina d’água aplicados em relação aos valores de projeto. / An irrigation system must possibilities the handling of the water with the maximum efficacy. For such, is necessary to evaluate the performance of the system in operation. Some parameters are used in the evaluations, the most important are: the uniformity of water distribution (CUD), and the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC). So, the study had for objective to evaluate the uniformity of water distribution sprinkler system of central pivot removable that operates in three different areas, in different levels and distinct length of main line, comparing and quantifying the values of uniformity and water table average applied in two positions of operation of the equipment, as well as the operational conditions of the system in function of these changes. The study was carried through at Buriti-Mirim farm, in Angantuba - SP, with two regulations in rereads percentage, 15% and 100%, with the rain gauges spaced three meters each, distributed 0,50m average above soil surface. For the evaluation of the performance of the system, the Christiansen uniformity coefficient was used (CUC), based from the water table collected in rain gauges installed under the equipment sprinklers. It was verified that all the values for the uniformity coefficients had been below of the recommended minimum values demonstrating low efficiency in the water distribution of the equipment, and that the position changes had affected the values water table applied in relation to the values of project.

Currently there is unprecedented social and political pressure to minimise anthropogenic environmental change. It is a result of the paradoxical nature of emissions reduction that lean-burn technology has become the most likely agent by which future emission targets may be met. However, the inclusion of lean-burn technology requires that the flametube depth is increased, to maintain an acceptable level of pressure drop and sufficient residence time. The injector too must increase in diameter as the admission of air via the fuel nozzle is increased. Maintaining traditional dump style architecture and employing these changes creates a number of additional problems. Most notable is the increased non-uniformity which is inherited by the injector flow as a result of the mismatch between the injector and upstream feed. Injector non-uniformity is a parameter symbiotic with emissions performance and it is therefore imperative to minimise the degree of injector non-uniformity if the ambition of the lean-burn system is to be realised.