Um sistema de tratamento de esgotos sanitários por reator UASB seguido de RSB foi operado durante 27 semanas objetivando-se verificar seu desempenho na remoção de matéria orgânica carbônácea, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo. O reator UASB, com 145 litros foi operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica médio de 8 horas durante todo o experimento. O reator RSB, de 106 litros, foi operado com tempos de ciclio de 24, 12 e 6 horas, em seis etapas distintas. Os tempos de ciclo no RSB variaram de 24, 12, 6, 24, 24 e 24 para as etapas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 respectivamente. As últimas três etapas foram caracterizadas pela adição de cloreto férrico, respectivamente. O sistema UASB/RSB apresentou eficiência média de remoção de DQO de 92% nas etapas 1, 2, 5, e 6. Na etapa 3, com tempo de ciclo de 6 horas e na etapa 4, quando o RSB recebeu 50mg/L de cloreto férrico, a eficiência média de remoção de DQO foi de 83%. Quando FeCl3 foi adicionado no afluente do reator UASB, obteve-se excelente desempenho na remoção de fósforo, cujas concentrações afluentes foram da ordem de 1,0 mg/L e 4,0 mg/L para a adição de 200 e 100 mg/L de cloreto férrico, respectivamente. / The performance evaluation of a pilot scale system composed by a UASB reactor followed by an SBR reactor treating domestic sewage is presented. The UASB reactor with 145 L of volume, was operated with an average hydraulic detention period of 8 hours. The SBR reactor had a volume of 106 litters being operated with cyclic time of 24, 12, and 6 hours. These different operational conditions characterized three stages of the work from a total of six stages. The three last stages were the addition of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L of ferric chloride in the aerobic, anaerobic, and anaerobic reactors, respectively. In the three last stages the UASB reactor worked with an average hydraulic detention time of 8 hours and the aerobic reactor worked with a cyclic time of 24 hours. After 27 weeks of continuous operation, the UASB/SBR system produced very good results in terms of COD removal. The average results of the COD removal were of 92% to the first, second, fifth, and sixth stages, having a reduction to 83% on the average to the stages where the SBR received 50 mg/L of ferric chloride and in which it worked with a six hour cyclic period. The addition of ferric chloride in the anaerobic reactor had great efficiency in the phosphorus removal. It was reached absolute values of until 1 mg/L of PO43- in the aflluent of the system, promoting an average effluent of 4 mg/L of PO43- with the addition 200 mg/L of FCl3. The UASB/SBR system can become a very promising alternative for domestic sewerage treatment in Brazil, since the system can be projected with shorter times of hydraulic detention times, resulting in a low cost compact installation. Furthermore, excellent results can be gotten to the ammonium and phosphorus removal.

Orientador: Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva / Banca: Adriana Ferreira Maluf Braga / Resumo: O presente trabalho estudou o tratamento de água negra simulada (esgoto sanitário com efluente suíno) em reator UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blancket) mesofílico com DQO (demanda química de oxigênio) de entrada de 958,489 ± 489,2mg/L, TDH (tempo de detenção hidráulica) de 1,8 ± 1,8d e COV (carga organica volumética) de 0,2 ± 0,2 KgDQO/m³d. Avaliou-se, ainda, o efeito da suplementação de metais traço (Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Se, Co e Cu) na AME (atividade metanogênica específica) do lodo utilizado como inóculo de partida do reator. Os ensaios com metais traços foram realizados em batelada utilizando o método Plackett Burman para planejar o experimento. Foram observados valores nitrogênio amoniacal junto a entrada do reator de 197,37 ± 84,3mgN/L, no entanto, o reator apresentou remoção de DQO de 61,7% ± 15%, demonstrando que não houve efeito tóxico da amônia no meio. Os resultados dos ensaios em batelada demonstraram efeito negativo estatisticamente significativo das adições de Ba e Mn sobre a AME, contudo, o Cu e o Se apresentaram efeito positivo, embora não estatisticamente significativos, indicando que a produção de metano a partir de água negra pode ser estimulada com a suplementação desses metais / Abstract: The present work studied the treatment of simulated black water (sewage with swine wastewater) in UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blancket) mesophilic with input COD (chemical oxygen demand) of 958,489 = 489,2 mg/L, HRT (hydraulic retention time) of 1.8 = 1.8d and OLR (organic loading rate) 0.2 = 0.2 kgCOD/m3d. This work also evaluated the effect of supplementation of trace metals (Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Se, Co e Cu) on the SMA (specific methanogenic activity) of the seed inoculum used in reactor startup. The trace metals assay were performed in batch mode using Plackett-Burman method of the design of the experiments. Despite of the ammonia nitrogen values at the inffluet of 197.37 = 84.3 mgN/L reactor, the reactor, the reactor presented COD removal of 61.7% = 15%, indicating no toxic effectof the addition of Ba and Mn on the SMA of the sludge, however, Cu and Se presented positive effect, although not statistically significant, which indicates that the methane production from black water might be enhanceb by the supplementation of these metals / Mestre

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) has been developed and commercially used for treating high-strength wastewaters since 1971, and this process has been extended its applications to domestic sewage treatment since 1980. Constructed wetlands (CWL) can be treated as a simulated natural treatment system, which use solar radiation as the energy source. By analogy with some removal mechanisms in natural wetlands, constructed wetlands are able to transform and remove pollutants from the wastewater. Other features provided by the constructed wetland include wildlife support, hydrologic modification, erosion protection, and open space and aesthetics. It has been applied for domestic wastewater purification for decades. In this study, a pilot UASB-CWL reactor was built to test its performance for the removal of organic compounds and nutrients from a sewage with COD (Chemical oxygen demand) in the range of 200-300 mg/L. The UASB reactor has an active liquid volume of 2.5 liters and the CWL includes a 56 L-tank (CWL-1) followed by a 80 L-tank (CWL-2) in which emergent macrophyte (reed, Phragmites australis L.) and floating macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes L.), respectively, were planted. Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the test water in the reactor on the pollutant removal were tested. Results indicate that with HRTs of 2, 45, and 64 hours, respectively, in the UASB, CWL-1, and CWL-2, the system exhibited good performances for pollutant removal. The HRTs are equivalent to CODt loadings of 3.06, 0.065, and 0.026 kg/m3.day to the UASB, CWL-1, and CWL-2, respectively. Average total COD (CODt), soluble COD (CODs), total biochemical oxygen demand (BODt), suspended solids (SS), and phosphate-P (P) were 121, 62, 33, 130, and 0.10 mg/L, respectively, and these are equivalent to the removal efficacies of 45-65, 60-80,65-75, 30-50, and 85-95%, respectively. With the operation conditions, average CODt = 28 , CODs = 18, BODt = 10, SS = 18, NH3-N = 18, NO2--N =12 , NO3--N = 1.0, and P = 0.0 mg/L were obtained, and the average removal total efficacies were 93, 93, 90, 75, 72, 95, and 100%, respectively. Effluent qualities are far superior to the national effluent standards for domestic sewage in Taiwan.

Resumo: Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho de dois conjuntos de reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) instalados em série. Os conjuntos I e II foram compostos por dois reatores UASB em série com volumes de 908 e 350 L e de 908 e 188 L, respectivamente. No conjunto II, foi realizado pós tratamento do efluente em um reator operado em batelada sequencial (RBS) com alimentação contínua, com volume de 3000 L. As cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no primeiro reator dos conjuntos I e II variaram de 8,36 a 9,95 g DQO total (L d)-1 e de 7,83 a 11,6 g DQO total (L d)-1, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total, nitrogênio Kjeldahl (NK), fósforo total (P-total) foram elevadas e variaram de 95 a 97% e de 97 a 99%, de 64 a 67% e de 53 a 69%, e de 80 a 87% e de 71 a 89%, nos conjuntos I e II, respectivamente. As eficiências também foram elevadas para os metais Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn nos conjuntos I e II e variaram de 80 a 91% e de 63 a 80%, de 59 a 80% e de 51 a 72%, de 89 a 97% e de 81 a 98%, de 87 a 98% e de 91 a 99%, respectivamente. A semeadura do milho, foi realizado na safrinha 2009 e na safra 2009/2010, ambos em sistema de plantio direto e convencional, para a confecção de silagem. Os valores do pH observados na silagem não diferiram entre os tratamentos nas duas épocas de semeadura e nos sitemas de plantio direto e convencional. A adubação do milho para confecção de silagem, com dejeto bruto de suíno, com dejetos tratados em sistema anaeróbio e com os dejetos do pós-tratamento, quando comparada com a adubação mineral, não apresentou resultados com diferenças significativas na silagem na maioria dos atributos avaliados. O reúso dos efluentes tratados e do dejeto bruto, não promoveu alterações na nutrição da planta, porém os efluentes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study evaluated the performance of two sets of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) installed in series. The sets I and II were composed of two UASB reactors in series with volumes of 908 and 350 L and 908 L and 188, respectively. In set II was conducted after the treatment of the effluent in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with continuous flux, with a volume of 3000 L. The volumetric organic loads (VOC) applied to the first reactor of the sets I and II ranged from 8.36 to 9.95 g total COD (L d) -1 and 7.83 to 11.6 g total COD (L d) -1, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen (NK), total phosphorus (total P) were high and ranged from 95 to 97% and 97 to 99%, 64 to 67% and 53 to 69% and 80 to 87% and 71 to 89% in clusters I and II, respectively. The efficiencies were also high for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in clusters I and II, and ranged from 80 to 91% and 63 to 80%, 59 to 80% and 51 to 72% from 89 to 97 and 81% to 98%, 87 to 98% and 91 to 99%, respectively. We carried out the swing of maize in the 2009 off-season and 2009/2010 season, both in no-tillage and conventional sistems for making silage. The pH values observed in the silage did not differ significantly between treatments in both seasons of swing and in the sistems of tillage and no-tillage. The fertilization of corn for silage making, with raw pig manure with waste treated in anaerobic system and the waste from the post-treatment compared to mineral fertilization, results showed no significant difference in silage in most parameters. The reuse of treated effluent and raw manure, did not promote changes in the nutrition of corn but the application of treated effluent increased concentrations of N readily available for plants in soil. Even in much larger doses applied compared to the raw waste, the treated effluent, promoted soil contamination by total coliforms and thermotolerant lower / Orientador: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Coorientador: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Banca: Wanderley José de Melo / Banca: Israel Jose da Silva / Mestre

Um sistema de tratamento de esgotos sanitários por reator UASB seguido de RSB foi operado durante 27 semanas objetivando-se verificar seu desempenho na remoção de matéria orgânica carbônácea, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo. O reator UASB, com 145 litros foi operado com tempo de detenção hidráulica médio de 8 horas durante todo o experimento. O reator RSB, de 106 litros, foi operado com tempos de ciclio de 24, 12 e 6 horas, em seis etapas distintas. Os tempos de ciclo no RSB variaram de 24, 12, 6, 24, 24 e 24 para as etapas 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 respectivamente. As últimas três etapas foram caracterizadas pela adição de cloreto férrico, respectivamente. O sistema UASB/RSB apresentou eficiência média de remoção de DQO de 92% nas etapas 1, 2, 5, e 6. Na etapa 3, com tempo de ciclo de 6 horas e na etapa 4, quando o RSB recebeu 50mg/L de cloreto férrico, a eficiência média de remoção de DQO foi de 83%. Quando FeCl3 foi adicionado no afluente do reator UASB, obteve-se excelente desempenho na remoção de fósforo, cujas concentrações afluentes foram da ordem de 1,0 mg/L e 4,0 mg/L para a adição de 200 e 100 mg/L de cloreto férrico, respectivamente. / The performance evaluation of a pilot scale system composed by a UASB reactor followed by an SBR reactor treating domestic sewage is presented. The UASB reactor with 145 L of volume, was operated with an average hydraulic detention period of 8 hours. The SBR reactor had a volume of 106 litters being operated with cyclic time of 24, 12, and 6 hours. These different operational conditions characterized three stages of the work from a total of six stages. The three last stages were the addition of 50, 100, and 200 mg/L of ferric chloride in the aerobic, anaerobic, and anaerobic reactors, respectively. In the three last stages the UASB reactor worked with an average hydraulic detention time of 8 hours and the aerobic reactor worked with a cyclic time of 24 hours. After 27 weeks of continuous operation, the UASB/SBR system produced very good results in terms of COD removal. The average results of the COD removal were of 92% to the first, second, fifth, and sixth stages, having a reduction to 83% on the average to the stages where the SBR received 50 mg/L of ferric chloride and in which it worked with a six hour cyclic period. The addition of ferric chloride in the anaerobic reactor had great efficiency in the phosphorus removal. It was reached absolute values of until 1 mg/L of PO43- in the aflluent of the system, promoting an average effluent of 4 mg/L of PO43- with the addition 200 mg/L of FCl3. The UASB/SBR system can become a very promising alternative for domestic sewerage treatment in Brazil, since the system can be projected with shorter times of hydraulic detention times, resulting in a low cost compact installation. Furthermore, excellent results can be gotten to the ammonium and phosphorus removal.

In this study, domestic wastewater was used to determine the anaerobic treatment performances of a dilute wastewater in one-phase upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system and two-phase upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) and UASB system. The acidification performances of domestic wastewater were compared in UAF and UASB reactors. The degree of acidification is higher in UAF reactor (31%) compared to UASB reactor (18%) at 2 h hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewaters. The effluent total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) concentration was higher in UAF reactor than that the UASB reactor at 2 h HRT. The total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) removal is 40% in winter and 53% in summer in UAF reactor at 2 h HRT. The tCOD removals in two-phase UAF and UASB system and one-phase UASB system were 83% and 63%, respectively, in 4 h HRT. The conversion rate of COD removed to methane were between 0.005 and 0.067 Nm3 methane/kg COD removed and between 0.158 and 0.233 Nm3 methane/kg COD removed in the UAF and the UASB reactor of the two-phase system, respectively. The conversion rate of COD removed to methane varied between 0.029 and 0.199 Nm3 methane/kg COD removed in one-phase UASB reactor. The results of this study showed that the two-phase reactor system consisting from UAF and UASB reactors provide a good removal of soluble organics variations in acidification reactor and better methane productions in UASB reactor at temperatures 20&deg / C and 35&deg / C through the treatment of domestic wastewater at a HRT of 4 hours.

Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The thesis reports the investigation of various distillery processes and wastewater streams. The aim was to evaluate the processes and thereafter design interventions for improved wastewater treatment at the respective distilleries. An integrated environmental approach was adopted based on the principle that prevention of pollution is the preferred option and end-of-pipe treatment the least favoured option. As such, feed material to the processes was studied to determine whether some of the components that are not required in the distillation process could in fact be removed prior to entering the system. The results indicate that organic constituents such as phenol and tartaric acid could be removed using physico-chemical and biological treatment methods. The treatment of effluent was studied using an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) set-up to determine the reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the wastewater. Thereafter the UASB treated effluent was exposed to aeration for further treatment. Summary of conclusions • Pretreatment of wine feed material with calcium hydroxide is effective in removal of 98% tartaric acid, 30% COD and a total phenol content of 57%. • Bio-augmentation results showed that the soil inoculum was the most effective treatment method with reductions of 61% COD at a temperature of 30°C, tartaric acid removal of 98% at the same temperature and 25% reduction in total phenol at 26°C. • UASB was effective with soil inoculum and removed approximately 90% of COD although operational problems were experienced and hindered the operation of the plant. • Aeration of UASB effluent further reduced the COD by a further 60% with a total COD reduction of 96% after both UASB and aeration treatment. • Effective reduction of total phosphorus by 70% and the total phenol content by 80% was achieved by UASB treatment followed by aeration.

Este trabalho apresenta e discute os resultados obtidos na operação de um reator anaeróbico com manta de lodo (UASB) de 10,5 L, alimentado continuamente com substrato sintético (DQO = 2000 mg/L) e submetido ao aumento progressivo da concentração de sulfato (de 25 a 10000 mg \'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\'/L). A vazão de 16 L/dia, corresponde ao tempo de detenção hidráulico (e) de 15,6 h foi mantida constante durante os 10 meses do experimento. O monitoramento da operação do reator incluiu a determinação dos principais parâmetros do processo, visando detectar a inibição da metanogênese pelas bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS) que competem, com as metanogênicas, pelos mesmos substratos. Constatou-se estimulação do processo até a concentração de 400 mg \'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\'/L, a partir da qual ocorreram sequencias de quedas de eficiência seguidas de recuperação do reator, mantendo sempre a eficiência média de remoção de DQO acima de 80%. Embora a atividade metanogênica tenha sido parcialmente afetada, os balanços de \'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\' mostraram que a redução do sulfato não foi o principal responsável pela inibição ocorrida. / This thesis presents and discuss the results obtained during the operation of a 10.5 L upflow sludge blanket reactor, continuously fed with synthetic substrate (COD = 2,000 mg/L), which was subjected to step-increase of sulfate concentrations ranging from 25 to 10,000 mg \'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\'/L. The flow-rate of 16 L/d corresponding to a hydraulic detention of 15.6 h, was kept constant throughout the 10 months of experimentation. Operation monitoring included the determination of the main process parameters, aiming to detected the inhibition of lhe methanogenesis by the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) which autocompete the methanogens in the presence of common substrates. Stimulation effects were obseved up to the sulfate concentration of the 400 mg.\'SO IND.4\'POT.2-\'/L. Further on, sequences of falls of efficiency followed by restoration of the reactor performance defined the behavior pattern of the reactor, which maintained an average COD removal efficiency higher than 80%. Although the methanogenic activity has been parcially affected, \'SO IND.4\'POT2-\' balances showed that the sulfate reduction activity was not the main process responsible for such inhibition.

Orientador: Roberto Alves Oliveira / Resumo: A co-digestão de água residuária da bovinocultura leiteira (ARBL) e água residuária do beneficiamento do café (ARC) em reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodos (UASB, R1 e R2), em série, é inédita e importante para o desenvolvimento dos setores envolvidos. Foram utilizadas proporções de 100:0; 85:15, 70:30 e 50:50 de ARBL:ARC no afluente dos reatores UASB e aplicados tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 2 (R1) e 4 (R2) dias. Isto proporcionou cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) de 11,9 (valor médio obtido nos testes 1 e 2, sem adição de ARC); 12,9 (teste 3); 14,0 (teste 4) e 21,3 (teste 5) g DQOtotal (L d)-1 no R1. As maiores produções volumétricas de metano, de até 0,89 L CH4 (L reator d)-1 foram obtidas com COV de 14,0 g DQO (L d)-1. As concentrações médias de fenóis totais no afluente variaram entre 6 e 132 mg L-1 e as eficiências médias de remoção nos reatores UASB, em dois estágios, foram de 35 a 52% com concentração de 50 mg L-1 para efluente do R2 após adição de ARC que contém elevadas concentrações de fenóis totais e apresentam toxicidade ao tratamento anaeróbio podendo afetar a estabilidade do processo. O sistema foi eficiente para remoção de ovos de helmintos. Os Domínios Bacteria e Archaea, as Ordens Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales e Methanosarcinales e as Famílias Methanosaetaceae e Methanosarcinaceae se apresentaram de forma sincrônica e equilibrada na co-digestão anaeróbia dos resíduos estudados. / Abstract: The co-digestion of dairy manure wastewater (DMW) and coffee processing wastewater (CPW) in up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB, R1 and R2) in series is unprecedented and important for the development of the sectors involved. Proportions of 100: 0; 85:15, 70:30 and 50:50 DMW:CPW were used in the UASB reactors influent and applied hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 (R1) and 4 (R2) days. This provided organic loading rate (OLR) of 11.9 (mean value obtained in tests 1 and 2, without addition of CPW); 12.9 (test 3); 14.0 (test 4) and 21.3 (test 5) g CODtotal (L d) -1 on R1. The highest volumetric methane yields of up to 0.89 L CH4 (L reactor d) -1 were obtained with OLR of 14.0 g COD (L d) -1. The mean concentrations of total phenols in the affluent ranged from 6-132 mg L-1 and the mean removal efficiencies in two-stage UASB reactors were 35-52% with 50 mg L-1 concentration for R2 effluent after addition of ARC containing high concentrations of total phenols and toxicity to anaerobic treatment may affect process stability. The system was efficient for removal of helminth eggs. The Bacteria and Archaea Domains, the Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales Orders, and the Methanosaetaceae and Methanosarcinaceae families were presented in a synchronic and balanced manner in the anaerobic co-digestion of the residues studied. / Mestre

Wastewater recycling and reuse is an important issue in the coming years due to the increasing water demand and the decreasing water supply. MBR (membrane bioreactor) technology has become an important pretreatment technology for reclaiming treated effluent from, for example, domestic, dyestuff, and pharmaceutical wastewater plants. However, variations in wastewater flow rate and polluted materials can be a great influence to the performance of MBR. The applications of MBR to the treatment of various industrial wastewaters are worthy of further investigation. The present study investigated performances of MBR for treating wastewaters from a tannery plant and an industrial park. In addition, a pilot-scale UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor was used for the pretreatment of the tannery plant wastewater for COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal. Results from tannery wastewater treatment indicate that using effluent from the activated sludge ponds of plant A as an influent to the pilot MBR, COD and SS (suspended solids) of the MBR filtrates could always be kept at <100 and <30 mg/L, respectively. Both COD and SS of the filtrates meet effluent regulations of <160 and <30 mg/L, respectively. The operation conditions were HRT (hydraulic retention time) = 12.2-20.4 hr, flux = 4.92-8.17 L/m2.hr, and MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) = 5,060-37,800 mg/L. Because the effluent had high TDS (total dissolved solids) contents of 8,700-9,700 mg/L resulted from chloride and sulfate ions, the permissible operational fluxes (4.92-8.17 L/m2.hr) were far below the normal ones (20-30 L/m2.hr). Experiments from the UASB test indicate that on an average 70% of the influent COD (2,200 mg/L) could be removed. Wastewater plant for the industrial park had influent and effluent COD of 93-144 and 11-65 mg/L, respectively. By the MBR with EBRT of 2.16-12.2 hr, flux of 5.0-28 L/m2.hr, and MLSS of 1,550 mg/L, the filtrates had COD of 11-81 mg/L. In addition, COD of the MBR filtrates could be decreased from 77 to 20-40 mg/L after supplementation of PAC (powdered activated carbon) at a concentration of 500 mg/L, and a clearer filtrate was obtained. After 30 days of operation, COD of the filtrates could be maintained at 30-48 mg/L. Regular addition of PAC to the MBR reactor is necessary for keeping the effluent quality to meet the reuse requirements.