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This case study documents the experience of the Opportunities Industrialization Center of America (OICA) during the transition to and implementation of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 (CETA). It explores the potential of maintaining a community-based workforce development model for low-skilled urban populations in changing policy contexts that rupture existing frameworks linking people to work. Community-based organizations with unique service delivery models, including OICA, were given less direct funding and influence in workforce development provision and production under CETA. I explore to what extent the government and OICA promoted community-based leadership in planning and ideal implementation of workforce development for low-skilled populations in this milieu. I analyzed archival data documenting correspondence between OICA and government and within OICA from the enactment of CETA in 1973 through 1977. OICA was instrumental in adopting context-specific orientations towards government and other service providers to maintain a voice and to garner funding, and also had internal strife over how to expand and prioritize community input within CETA's regulations. More consistent funding and a sincere commitment to community representation in workforce development provision and production by both the state and organizations like OICA is essential to promoting ideal workforce development for spatially and economically isolated urban communities. Support for and implementation of rigorous internal evaluation, with participation of all stakeholders, would also improve processes and outcomes for an organization looking to both promote community empowerment and expand nationally. / Urban Studies

Four different methods of separating indoor and outdoor water use in apartment complexes were studied to determine which one of the estimators was the best one. The four methods follow: (1) Actual Use Method; (2) Minimum Monthly Use; (3) Appliance Monthly Use; and (4) All Indoor Water Use method. The average indoor and outdoor water use per month per apartment household of each method were calculated to compare to each other. Also, several characteristics pertaining to complex size, average rent per month per household, vacancy rate, and manager's highest education level were examined to determine their effects on the indoor and outdoor water use.

Given Tucson Water's physical supply and institutional constraints and the utilities expressed interest in becoming a more efficient operation, rate schedules may be a most important management tool. A rate schedule based on consumer's true marginal willingness to pay expressed in accurate demand estimation would provide such a tool. This work examines the practical applicability of a model developed by James Opaluch for the Tucson area using data from a random sample of 46 single family households. The model allows for the relaxation of classical assumption that consumers have perfect information about the goods and services they purchase. It provides empirical evidence relating to the price and difference model as it relates to theoretic subsidization inherent in block rate structures and examines the effectiveness of the current increasing block rate in regards to consumer's perception of price elasticities.