This study examines the reasons behind the decline in public transport patronage in Melbourne between 1950 and 1990, through a comparison with Toronto. The share of urban travel undertaken by public transport has declined since the Second World War in all developed countries, but public transport patronage in Melbourne appears to have declined more rapidly than in most other industrialised cities. Public transport has, however, gained or held ground in Toronto, where the form of development is similar in many ways to Melbourne. Most accounts of Toronto’s success (particularly in Australia) regard transport/land-use integration as the critical factor. The contrasting analysis maintains that Melbourne’s urban form has changed over this period to a dispersed, car-oriented pattern. This study evaluates a different interpretation of the ‘Toronto model’. This is that Toronto has undergone similar urban changes to Melbourne since the war, but has found a way of operating public transport successfully in a relatively dispersed environment. The contrast with Melbourne, then, is not primarily in land-use patterns, but in policies towards the operation of public transport.

O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar técnicas de disciplinamento do uso do solo urbano visando a preservação do meio ambiente. Inicialmente, é discutido o interrelacionamento entre a urbanização e o meio ambiente, mostrando como as características ambientais influem no processo de urbanização ou são alteradas pelo mesmo. Entre as alterações resultantes do desenvolvimento urbano é ressaltada a poluição ambiental em suas diversas modalidades: do solo, da água, do ar, acústica e visual. A seguir, são propostas técnicas de disciplinamento do uso e ocupação do solo urbano a serem aplicadas como medidas de controle preventivo destas modalidades de poluição. São recomenadadas medidas de preservação do meio ambiente na disposição de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, para controle da erosão, como proteção da qualidade de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, como controle da poluição do ar e acústica, ou como proteção dos recursos de valor paisagístico, ambiental e cultural. Finalmente, é apresentada uma metodologia de planejamento urbano visando a preservaçao do meio ambiente onde são discutidos os aspectos técnicos, legais, institucionais, econômicos e sociais do processo. O trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e na observação de programas de disciplinamento do uso do solo de cidades brasileiras e americanas. / This work discusses land use control techniques for urban environment preservation. First, the relatiohship between urbanization and environment is discussed. It is showed how environmental characteristics affect urbanizatioh and how urbanization affects environment. Some kinds of environmental pollution, are discussed: solid wastes disposal problems, water pollution, air pollution, noise, and visual quality impacts. After, some land use control techniques are proposed for the preventive control of these kinds of pollution, related solid and liquid wastes disposal, erosion control , groundwater and surface water protection, air pollution and noise control, landscape, environmental and historic resources preservation. Finaly, it is proposed an urban planning model for environmental protection. Technical, legal, economic and social aspects of planning are discussed. This work is based on bibliographic research and observatlon of land use control programs of brazilian and american cities.

Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified potential efficiency gains achieved by mixed-use neighborhoods and the subsequent shortening of trip lengths; whereas, public health research has accredited increased land use mixing as an effective policy for facilitating greater physical activity. However, despite the celebrated transportation, land use, and health benefits of improved land use mixing and the extent of topical attention, no consensus has been reached regarding the conceptualization and measurement of this key smart growth principle or the magnitude of its link to walking. This dissertation, comprised of three empirical studies, explores this topic in detail. In the first study, activity-based transportation and landscape ecology theory contributed to the introduction of a multifaceted land use mix construct reflected by a set of composition and configuration indicators. This activity-related land use mix construct, and not the commonly used entropy index, was a significant built environmental determinant of walk mode choice and home-based walk trip frequency. In the second study, structural equation modeling was used to establish a connection between residing in a smart growth neighborhood and home-based pedestrian travel. This study discovered a multidimensional depiction of the traveler's residential environment that was reflective of local land use mix, employment concentration, and pedestrian-oriented design. The second-order factor, which described a smart growth neighborhood, had a strong and positive effect on the household-level decision to walk for transportation-related and discretionary travel when assessed in a multidirectional conceptual framework. In the final study, the influence of geographic scale selection on the connection between the built environment and active and auto-related travel was explored. Informed by this sensitivity analysis, which underlined the existence of scaling and zoning effects, mode choice for both work and nonwork travel as a function of individual, household, transportation, and built environment features at the home location and destination was modeled. These discrete choice analysis results found that measures of land use mix and density at each trip end had the strongest effect on the decision to walk rather drive or ride in a vehicle for nonwork trips. In all, the findings from this dissertation provide policymakers and practitioners greater specificity in the measurement of land use mix and its connection to pedestrian travel behavior.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Maryland, College Park, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-186). Also available online via the Digital Repository at the University of Maryland website (https://drum.umd.edu/).

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 292-306).

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Xeror copy of the typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 78-82).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Xeror copy of the typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 78-82) Also available in print.

O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar técnicas de disciplinamento do uso do solo urbano visando a preservação do meio ambiente. Inicialmente, é discutido o interrelacionamento entre a urbanização e o meio ambiente, mostrando como as características ambientais influem no processo de urbanização ou são alteradas pelo mesmo. Entre as alterações resultantes do desenvolvimento urbano é ressaltada a poluição ambiental em suas diversas modalidades: do solo, da água, do ar, acústica e visual. A seguir, são propostas técnicas de disciplinamento do uso e ocupação do solo urbano a serem aplicadas como medidas de controle preventivo destas modalidades de poluição. São recomenadadas medidas de preservação do meio ambiente na disposição de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, para controle da erosão, como proteção da qualidade de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, como controle da poluição do ar e acústica, ou como proteção dos recursos de valor paisagístico, ambiental e cultural. Finalmente, é apresentada uma metodologia de planejamento urbano visando a preservaçao do meio ambiente onde são discutidos os aspectos técnicos, legais, institucionais, econômicos e sociais do processo. O trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e na observação de programas de disciplinamento do uso do solo de cidades brasileiras e americanas. / This work discusses land use control techniques for urban environment preservation. First, the relatiohship between urbanization and environment is discussed. It is showed how environmental characteristics affect urbanizatioh and how urbanization affects environment. Some kinds of environmental pollution, are discussed: solid wastes disposal problems, water pollution, air pollution, noise, and visual quality impacts. After, some land use control techniques are proposed for the preventive control of these kinds of pollution, related solid and liquid wastes disposal, erosion control , groundwater and surface water protection, air pollution and noise control, landscape, environmental and historic resources preservation. Finaly, it is proposed an urban planning model for environmental protection. Technical, legal, economic and social aspects of planning are discussed. This work is based on bibliographic research and observatlon of land use control programs of brazilian and american cities.

There are extensive empirical studies on the impacts and effectiveness of Smart Growth policies; however, very few of them consider the perspective of individual decision makers and, to this author's knowledge, none have studied developers as location-aware decision-making agents. This study tries to fill this gap partially by assessing the impacts of Portland's smart growth policies on developers' location choice behavior with developer-based location choice models. The dissertation has two purposes. By assessing the impacts of Smart Growth policies on individual home developer's location choice, it provides a micro- and behavioral foundation for the understanding of Smart Growth policies. As a bi-state metropolitan area located on the border between Oregon and Washington, the Portland region provides a unique environment that allows my research to examine whether home developers react to Smart Growth policies differently in the two states with different land use policy systems. The dissertation also aims to create a developer-based land development forecast model, which can be used as a scenario analysis tool for the Portland region's long-term land use and transportation planning. Besides the developer location choice model mentioned above, the components of this comprehensive developer-based land development model also include a time series regression model that predicts annual new housing supply in the region and a model that synthesizes housing projects in a forecast year. The study shows that home developers in the Portland metropolitan area are sensitive to most Smart Growth policies that have been implemented in the region, but they react to them differently across the border between Oregon and Washington. Single-family home (SFH) and multi-family home (MFH) developers show different preferences for location attributes. The most significant predictors of where a developer will choose to locate a project are the locations of previous projects. After controlling for all of the other factors discussed above, there remains a strong preference for developing SFH units outside of the UGB in both Oregon and Washington sides of the Portland metropolitan area. Latent class models have been developed to detect taste variations among home developers in the SFH and MFH markets separately. Estimation results show clear taste variations across developers and housing projects with respect to site attributes in their location choice. With other variables in the segmentation model being the same, project size provides a better fit to the data than developer size, indicating that developers have taste variations among their different projects. Large size SFH projects developed by contractor-owners are more likely to be within the UGB and their locations tend to have higher residential density, housing diversity, transportation accessibility, road density, and land price. With most MFH projects within the UGB, estimation results show that large size MFH projects prefer the locations with higher residential density, housing diversity, mixed use, road density, land price, average household income, and proportion of young and middle age households. The three-step new housing supply and location choice forecast model seem to be able to capture the basic trend of housing market and land development in the Portland region. Three different aggregate housing supply forecast models, an conditional time series regressive model, a unconditional time series regression model, and an auto-regression integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were tested and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Both the SFH and MFH project synthesis models can simulate housing projects well for a forecast year. Three location choice models were developed to allocate synthesized housing projects into space. The three models are characterized separately as: (1) assumed market homogeneity and atomization of development projects; (2) deterministic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size; and (3) probabilistic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size, using a latent class approach. Examination of forecast results shows that all three models can successfully capture the basic spatial pattern of housing development in the region; however, the spatial distribution of MFH development is lumpier and more unpredictable. While Models 2 and 3 are more sophisticated and make more sense from a theoretical perspective, they do not return better forecast results than Model 1 due to some practical issues. Models 2 and 3 would be expected to perform better when those practical issues are solved, at least partially, in future research.