Orientador: Ana Maria Costa Leonardo / Banca: Sulene Noriko Shima / Banca: José Eduardo Marcondes de Almeida / Resumo: A espécie exótica de cupim Coptotermes gestroi (Família Rhinotermitidae) é considerada uma das pragas urbanas economicamente mais importantes no Brasil. O seu hábito críptico limita os estudos sobre sua biologia e comportamento, o que dificulta um controle realmente efetivo. Uma forma de controle biorracional é a tecnologia de iscas, já que leva em consideração o comportamento social desses insetos, além de preservar o meio ambiente. Seu princípio é a transmissão de agentes químicos ou biológicos diretamente para os cupins, visando atingir toda a colônia. A isca é composta por ingredientes ativos incorporados a substratos que contenham celulose. Para que o controle seja mais eficiente, esses substratos devem ser atrativos aos cupins, estimulando o recrutamento e a atividade de alimentação dos indivíduos. Em vista do exposto, a presente pesquisa propôs, por meio de testes laboratoriais e de campo, selecionar substratos celulósicos mais atrativos e adequados à incorporação de ingredientes ativos. Inicialmente foram testados 12 tipos de substratos, e a partir desses, selecionados 4 que foram utilizados nos bioensaios posteriores. O período de duração dos testes laboratoriais foi de 28 dias. Já para os testes de campo foram executados 8 ciclos experimentais, sendo que cada ciclo durou 7 dias. Todos os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente, com nível de significância (á) igual a 0,05. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os substratos mais atrativos para C. gestroi foram papelão corrugado e colmo de milho. Tais fontes celulósicas...(Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The exotic species of termite Coptotermes gestroi (Family Rhinotermitidae) is considered one of the most important urban pests in Brazil. Its cryptic habit limits the studies about its biology and behavior, what difficult an effective control. A way to perform biorrational control of termites is the bait technology, since it considers the social behavior of these insects beyond preserving the environment. Its principle is the transmission of chemical or biological agents straightly for the termites, aiming to reach the whole colony. The bait is composed by active ingredients incorporated to substrates that contain cellulose. In order to improve the efficiency of the bait control, these substrates must be attractive to the termites, stimulating the recruitment and the feeding activity of the individuals. Based on the presented background, this research proposed, by means of laboratory and field tests, to select cellulosic substrates more attractive and suitable to adding the active ingredients. Initially, twelve types of substrates were tested, and four of them were selected, which had been used in the posterior bioassays. The laboratory tests were processed along 28 days, while the field tests demanded eight experimental cycles, each of them during 7 days. All the results were statistically analyzed, at a significance level (á) of 0.05. The results showed that the most attractive substrates for C. gestroi were corrugated cardboard and corn stem. Such cellulosic sources were clearly more consumed than the other materials; in addition they had recruited a large number of individuals to the baits. Some Abstract 4 factors must be considered in the matrix choice, such as their manipulation and viability to termiticid impregnation, aiming to the contribution for the development of more efficient baits in the termite control. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_jt_me_rcla.pdf: 5130482 bytes, checksum: 457a7f5bbb943ed3bd6fdd756c357a36 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A espécie exótica de cupim Coptotermes gestroi (Família Rhinotermitidae) é considerada uma das pragas urbanas economicamente mais importantes no Brasil. O seu hábito críptico limita os estudos sobre sua biologia e comportamento, o que dificulta um controle realmente efetivo. Uma forma de controle biorracional é a tecnologia de iscas, já que leva em consideração o comportamento social desses insetos, além de preservar o meio ambiente. Seu princípio é a transmissão de agentes químicos ou biológicos diretamente para os cupins, visando atingir toda a colônia. A isca é composta por ingredientes ativos incorporados a substratos que contenham celulose. Para que o controle seja mais eficiente, esses substratos devem ser atrativos aos cupins, estimulando o recrutamento e a atividade de alimentação dos indivíduos. Em vista do exposto, a presente pesquisa propôs, por meio de testes laboratoriais e de campo, selecionar substratos celulósicos mais atrativos e adequados à incorporação de ingredientes ativos. Inicialmente foram testados 12 tipos de substratos, e a partir desses, selecionados 4 que foram utilizados nos bioensaios posteriores. O período de duração dos testes laboratoriais foi de 28 dias. Já para os testes de campo foram executados 8 ciclos experimentais, sendo que cada ciclo durou 7 dias. Todos os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente, com nível de significância (á) igual a 0,05. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os substratos mais atrativos para C. gestroi foram papelão corrugado e colmo de milho. Tais fontes celulósicas... / The exotic species of termite Coptotermes gestroi (Family Rhinotermitidae) is considered one of the most important urban pests in Brazil. Its cryptic habit limits the studies about its biology and behavior, what difficult an effective control. A way to perform biorrational control of termites is the bait technology, since it considers the social behavior of these insects beyond preserving the environment. Its principle is the transmission of chemical or biological agents straightly for the termites, aiming to reach the whole colony. The bait is composed by active ingredients incorporated to substrates that contain cellulose. In order to improve the efficiency of the bait control, these substrates must be attractive to the termites, stimulating the recruitment and the feeding activity of the individuals. Based on the presented background, this research proposed, by means of laboratory and field tests, to select cellulosic substrates more attractive and suitable to adding the active ingredients. Initially, twelve types of substrates were tested, and four of them were selected, which had been used in the posterior bioassays. The laboratory tests were processed along 28 days, while the field tests demanded eight experimental cycles, each of them during 7 days. All the results were statistically analyzed, at a significance level (á) of 0.05. The results showed that the most attractive substrates for C. gestroi were corrugated cardboard and corn stem. Such cellulosic sources were clearly more consumed than the other materials; in addition they had recruited a large number of individuals to the baits. Some Abstract 4 factors must be considered in the matrix choice, such as their manipulation and viability to termiticid impregnation, aiming to the contribution for the development of more efficient baits in the termite control.

The nutria (Myocastor coypus) is a semi-aquatic rodent native to South America that was introduced to the Pacific Northwest, USA, in the 1930s. Primary damage categories from this invasive species include burrowing and herbivory, resulting in habitat degradation. Nutria have become well-established in metropolitan habitats, and anecdotal information suggests the problem has increased in recent years. However, little regional research on the species has been conducted. The scope of this research, which emphasizes metropolitan habitats, includes three primary foci in relation to nutria populations in the Pacific Northwest: modeling habitat suitability, assessing activity and movement patterns, and identifying and managing negative impacts. Large-scale management of any invasive species requires understanding of the current and potential future population distribution. Cold temperatures have been assumed to be a limiting factor for the geographic distribution of nutria populations, but this assumption had not been explicitly tested. A mechanistic habitat suitability model based on winter temperatures performed well in predicting nutria distribution in the Pacific Northwest and nationally. Regional results suggest nutria currently occupy most accessible suitable habitat. However, coupling the model with future climate change data suggests a much larger suitable habitat zone regionally and nationally in the near future. Management of an invasive species on a local scale requires region-specific information about behavior patterns. Radio-telemetry tracking of local nutria populations in metropolitan habitats suggested higher diurnal activity levels than reported elsewhere. Activity areas were also on the lower end of reported nutria home ranges, suggesting the studied metropolitan wetland sites represent core habitat for nutria in the region. Comparison of two transmitter attachment methods, a neck collar and a tail mount, did not identify a clearly superior attachment method for short-term nutria behavior studies. The presence of nutria in metropolitan habitats in the Pacific Northwest necessitates the need to expand the limited management techniques available for these habitats. Standard Vexar® plastic mesh tubes very effectively mitigated nutria herbivory damage to woody vegetation live stakes planted in a metropolitan habitat restoration site. A recently developed nutria multiple-capture cage trap captured larger nutria and reduced non-target captures compared to a standard cage trap. The design of the multiple-capture trap, however, prevented multiple-capture events because small nutria escaped the trap. This research contributes substantially to previously limited information about nutria in the Pacific Northwest and resulted in several new findings. Climate change modeling provides the first evidence that nutria ranges could expand in the near future. Evaluation of new radio-telemetry methods will benefit future behavior studies. The assessment of new damage prevention tools provides more options for the management of nutria in urban habitats. Management recommendations include creating regional nutria management plans, identifying and targeting priority monitoring regions, finding key stakeholders, focusing on public education, and initiating a pilot control program. Recommendations for research include evaluating effects on native fauna, conducting disease surveys, assessing the extent of damage, continuing habitat suitability analysis, and developing population indices.