Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-03-29T13:36:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OTNIEL ALENCAR BANDEIRA.pdf: 5227490 bytes, checksum: 36599b231aebefcb8167e87e930208db (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T13:36:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OTNIEL ALENCAR BANDEIRA.pdf: 5227490 bytes, checksum: 36599b231aebefcb8167e87e930208db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Sanitation is a set of measures adopted to preserve or alter the conditions of the environment in order to prevent diseases, promote health, improve the quality of life of the population, individual productivity, and facilitate economic activity. Part of the Brazilian population lives in places where sanitation conditions are still very precarious. Due to the lack of sanitation and minimum conditions of hygiene, the population is subject to various types of diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, hepatitis A, dengue, chikungunya, zika, yellow fever, schistosomiasis, leptospirosis and others. From then on, the interest arose to verify the conditions of sanitation in Goiânia, a regional metropolis of great economic importance to the State of Goiás. The following question then arose: what is the current condition of basic sanitation in Goiânia and what are the impacts caused The health of the population due to the deficiencies of this service? The importance of this work is justified by addressing the relevance of sanitation to territorial planning in the city of Goiânia, with emphasis on the analysis of the impacts on public health. In this sense, the objective of this research was to analyze the conditions of basic sanitation of Goiânia households and to verify the reflected impacts on the health of the population due to the diseases caused by the inexistence or inefficiency of these services. The research was divided into five stages, including a bibliographic survey in scientific databases, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Department of Informatics of SUS - DATASUS, as well as the application of questionnaires with residents of the Jardim do Cerrado I - IV . It was possible to verify that the sanitation services in Goiânia are still inefficient, mainly regarding the sewage collection and treatment index and the lack of drainage networks in most of the municipality. The number of hospitalizations of people with diseases related to the lack or lack of basic sanitation are also indicative of the sanitary conditions of the population. / Saneamento é um conjunto de medidas adotadas para preservar ou alterar as condições do meio ambiente, a fim de prevenir doenças, promover a saúde, melhorar a qualidade de vida da população, a produtividade individual, além de facilitar a atividade econômica. Parte da população brasileira reside em locais onde as condições de saneamento ainda são muito precárias. Devido à falta de saneamento e condições mínimas de higiene, a população fica sujeita a diversos tipos de enfermidades como diarreias, cólera, hepatite A, dengue, chikungunya, zika, febre amarela, esquistossomose, leptospirose e outras. A partir de então, surgiu o interesse por verificar as condições de saneamento em Goiânia, uma metrópole regional e de grande importância econômica ao Estado de Goiás. Surgiu então o seguinte questionamento: qual a condição atual de saneamento básico em Goiânia e quais os impactos causados na saúde da população pelas deficiências deste serviço? A importância deste trabalho justifica-se por tratar da relevância do saneamento para o planejamento territorial no município de Goiânia com ênfase na análise dos impactos provocados na saúde pública. Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as condições de saneamento básico dos domicílios de Goiânia e verificar os impactos refletidos sobre a saúde da população devido às doenças causadas pela inexistência ou ineficiência destes serviços. A pesquisa foi dividida em seis etapas, incluindo levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados científicas, no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE e Departamento de Informática do SUS – DATASUS, além da aplicação de questionários juntamente com residentes do Residencial Jardim do Cerrado I a IV. Foi possível verificar que os serviços de saneamento em Goiânia ainda são ineficientes, principalmente no que se refere ao índice de coleta e tratamento de esgotos e inexistência de redes de drenagem pluvial na maior parte do município. O número de internações de pessoas com doenças, relacionadas à inexistência ou precariedade de saneamento básico também, são indicativos das condições sanitárias da população.

<p dir="ltr">The passing of the Equity Executive Order by the US government in 2021 and the Equity Action Plan developed by the US Department of Transportation have made addressing equity a priority in transportation planning projects. The Equity Action Plan recognizes socio-economically disadvantaged (SED) and rural communities as overburdened and underserved in transportation services and highlights the need to provide basic equality of opportunities and a fair distribution of burdens in transportation. In response, several transportation planning agencies have proposed their own criteria, methods, metrics, and tools to quantify equity issues and use them in planning. However, transport equity is a multi-faceted phenomenon and its quantification faces challenges due to a lack of standards and a comprehensive assessment framework.</p><p dir="ltr">The first objective of this dissertation is to develop a nuanced understanding in three key aspects of transport equity – (i) accessibility to opportunities, (ii) environmental burden, and (iii) health outcomes – based on the concept of ‘compound disadvantage’. A detailed assessment of prominent accessibility measures reveals a substantial measurement bias in the current measures, which can result in inappropriate conclusions such as an overestimating accessibility to opportunities for SED neighborhoods on average by 16%. Despite this, spatial accessibility is found to be high for compact, urban areas which also tend to have higher concentration of SED communities. However, there are significant modal differences in accessibility that reveal a substantial lack of utilization of infrastructure for alternate modes of travel – public transit, walking, and bicycling.</p><p dir="ltr">Evaluation of inequalities in environmental and health outcomes shows substantial disadvantage faced by SED communities, particularly poor people and people of color. A proposed emission equity index shows that low-income and racial minority neighborhoods of Indiana’s largest cities disproportionately experience vehicular pollution from travelers residing in high-income, White-majority areas passing through their neighborhoods. Similarly, essential workers living in low-income areas are observed to have experienced significantly worse COVID-19 infection rates than in high-income areas in Chicago and New York City, and this effect was mediated by their ‘mobility vulnerability’. Together, these results suggest a strong compounding of disadvantage by the current transportation systems for already disadvantaged communities despite their higher accessibility to opportunities owing to their predominantly urban residences.</p><p dir="ltr">The second objective of this dissertation is to integrate the equity measures in an interactive screening tool for identifying the vulnerable and priority areas for investment. ‘Indiana Equity Atlas’, an equity-screening dashboard tool, is developed to allow transportation planners and analysts to identify priority areas in terms of compound disadvantage of two selected indicators of socio-economic, accessibility, environmental burden, and health disadvantage. With this tool and the associated data and metrics, this work seeks to provide a comprehensive framework for identifying vulnerable regions to formally capture equity issues in transportation and urban planning and analysis.</p>