Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-51). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (doctoral)--Freie Universität Berlin, 1979.

No description available.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Medicine in Emergency Medicine. Johannesburg, 2013 / To determine the types of uropathogens encountered in patients presenting to a busy private emergency department in Johannesburg and compare sensitivity patterns of the bacteria identified with current antimicrobial prescribing patterns.

Resumo: A triagem de crianças para bacteriúria assintomática objetivando prevenir pielonefrite e danos renais é amplamente recomendada. Amostras de urina, colhidas sem contaminação, de 500 pré-escolares com idade entre 2 a 7 anos foram submetidas ao teste com cloridrato de trifeniltetrazólio (TTC) e a urocultura. Culturas quantitativas foram realizadas usando dois diferentes meios de cultura: ágar CLED e ágar MacConkey. As colônias foram contadas, após 18-24 horas de incubação à 35-37ºC. O achado de 105 ou mais UFC/mL do mesmo microrganismo foi considerado como positivo. Para realizar o teste com TTC, 4 mL da urina foram misturados com 1 mL da solução aquosa de TTC estéril à 1% e incubados à 35-37ºC por 4 horas. Uma segunda urocultura foi realizada para as crianças que apresentaram resultado positivo. A sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos foi determinada. Uma comparação entre a urocultura e o teste com TTC foi feita, para avaliação do teste. Um questionário foi aplicado para avaliar fatores predisponentes comportamentais e funcionais. A triagem para bacteriúria assintomática, em pré-escolares em Araraquara-SP-Brasil mostrou uma prevalência de 1,4%. Escherichia coli foi o microrganismo mais isolado e a resistência a tetraciclina foi significante. Os resultados mostram que o teste com TTC possui 91,3% de sensibilidade; 64,3% de especificidade; 15,5% de valor preditivo positivo e 99,0% de valor preditivo negativo. Esses valores mostram que este teste pode ser usado como metodologia de triagem. O fato de já ter desenvolvido ITU anteriormente; usar o papel de trás para frente na higienização anal; beber menos de 1L de água por dia; e usar roupa íntima apertada foram considerados possíveis fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de bacteriúria assintomática. / Abstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most commom of bacterial infections. Screening children for asymptomatic bacteriuria to prevent pyelonephritis and renal scarring is widely recommended. Urine samples, revealed without contamination, from 500 pre-school children aged 2 to 7 years were submited to the tryphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) test and urine culture. Quantitative urine cultures was performed using two different agar types: CLED and MacConkey. Colonies were count after 18-24 hours of incubation at 35-37ºC. The finding of 105 or more CFU/mL of the same microorganism constituted a positive culture. To perform the TTC test, 4 mL of the urine were mixed with 1 mL of the TTC 1% aqueous sterile solution and incubated at 35-37ºC for 4 hours. We performed a second urine culture for all children with a positive result. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined. A comparison between the quantitative culture and the TTC test were made, for the evaluation of the test. A questionnaire were used to assess predisposing behavioral and functional abnormalities. The screening survey for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pre-school children in Araraquara-SP-Brazil showed a prevalence of 1.4%. Escherichia coli was the commonest organism isolated and resistence to tetracycline was significant. The results show that the TTC test has sensitivity 91.3%, specificity 64.3%, positive predictive value 15.5% and negative predictive value 99.0%. This test can be use as a screening test. History of the urinary tract infection, inadequate hygiene, poor fluid intake and use of tigh-fitting underwear appear to be risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria. / Orientador: Maria Stella Gonçalves Raddi / Coorientador: Antonio Carlos Pizzolitto / Coorientador: Elisabeth Loshchagin Pizzolitto / Banca: Maria Jacira Silva Simões / Banca: Isabel Cristina Affonso Scaletsky / Mestre

<p><strong>Introduction</strong> Every tenth patient in Sweden is affected by nosocomial infections. Among these, urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most frequently occurring within the hospital environment. Nosocomial infections lead to increasing costs for care, more suffering among the patients, increasing use of antibiotics, and longer treatment spells. The Academic hospital have engaged all wards in the so called VRISS-project (“nosocomial infections must be stopped”) in order to reduce the number of nosocomial infections.</p><p><strong>Aim</strong> In connection to the VRISS-project new routines for removal of uretrahl catheters are introduced at ward 70E2 at the Academic hospital. The new routines imply that the catheter should be removed during the first post-op day. According to the old routines the catheter was to be removed no later than on the third post-op day. The authors of this study choose to investigate whether the new routines for uretrahl catheter removal have any effect on the occurrence of nosocomial UTI’s.</p><p><strong>Methods </strong>The study is a restrospective record study with quantitative, descriptive design. 411 journals from 2007 (188) and 2009 (223) have been reviewed. All patients that underwent knee or hip operations during January, February, March, and April 2007 and 2009 are included in the sample.</p><p><strong>Results</strong> The study shows that the new routines at ward 70E2 had some, but not full, influence on the share of patients with nosocomial UTI. Among women under 71 years of age and men older than 70 years, the number of days with uretrahl catheter and the share of patients with nosocomial UTI have decreased. However, among the younger men (<71 years) and the older women (>70 years) no effects of the new routines are detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> To summarize it can be concluded that the routines for how to use uretrahl catheters at ward 70E2 work fairly well. However, the results also show that the number of days with uretrahl catheter and the share of patients with nosocomial UTI among risk patients, above all among the older women, are the same in spite of the new routines for removal of uretrahl catheters. Thus, strategies for detecting risk patients in an early stage can be improved upon. Such measures can reduce the risk for nosocomial UTI among these patients.</p>

Introduction Every tenth patient in Sweden is affected by nosocomial infections. Among these, urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most frequently occurring within the hospital environment. Nosocomial infections lead to increasing costs for care, more suffering among the patients, increasing use of antibiotics, and longer treatment spells. The Academic hospital have engaged all wards in the so called VRISS-project (“nosocomial infections must be stopped”) in order to reduce the number of nosocomial infections. Aim In connection to the VRISS-project new routines for removal of uretrahl catheters are introduced at ward 70E2 at the Academic hospital. The new routines imply that the catheter should be removed during the first post-op day. According to the old routines the catheter was to be removed no later than on the third post-op day. The authors of this study choose to investigate whether the new routines for uretrahl catheter removal have any effect on the occurrence of nosocomial UTI’s. Methods The study is a restrospective record study with quantitative, descriptive design. 411 journals from 2007 (188) and 2009 (223) have been reviewed. All patients that underwent knee or hip operations during January, February, March, and April 2007 and 2009 are included in the sample. Results The study shows that the new routines at ward 70E2 had some, but not full, influence on the share of patients with nosocomial UTI. Among women under 71 years of age and men older than 70 years, the number of days with uretrahl catheter and the share of patients with nosocomial UTI have decreased. However, among the younger men (&lt;71 years) and the older women (&gt;70 years) no effects of the new routines are detected. Conclusion To summarize it can be concluded that the routines for how to use uretrahl catheters at ward 70E2 work fairly well. However, the results also show that the number of days with uretrahl catheter and the share of patients with nosocomial UTI among risk patients, above all among the older women, are the same in spite of the new routines for removal of uretrahl catheters. Thus, strategies for detecting risk patients in an early stage can be improved upon. Such measures can reduce the risk for nosocomial UTI among these patients.

Background A pandemic clone, Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131), has been disseminated worldwide and represents an important cause of antimicrobial resistant infections. The spread of this resistant clone has become a great public health concern. Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of ST131 in Escherichia coli isolates from human urinary cultures in Hong Kong and study the antimicrobial phenotypes of ST131. Methodology This study included 340 E. coli clinical urinary isolates obtained from patients in four district hospitals between May 2013 and July 2013 in Hong Kong. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were assessed by disk diffusion method with reference to CLSI. The isolates were investigated by phylogroup-specific and ST131-specific PCR assays. ST131 strains were further assessed for subclone distribution, antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) type. Results A total of 18.5% (63/340) of the E. coli population was identified as ST131. ST131 isolates were significantly more likely than non-ST131 isolates to be ciprofloxacin resistant (69.8%, 44/63 versus 31.0%, 86/277; P <0.001), gentamicin resistant (38.1%, 24/63 versus 24.9%, 69/277; P=0.03) and ESBL producers (41.3%, 26/63 versus 18.8%, 52/277; P <0.001). Among the ST131 E. coli isolates, 68.3% (43/63) belonged to the H30 subclone. Most H30 isolates were ST131-O25b (97.7%, 42/43). Also, the ST131-H30 E. coli subclone was statistically associated with ciprofloxacin resistance compared with the non-H30 ST131 isolates (P <0.001). Additionally, strains which were co-resistant to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin were overwhelmingly associated with the H30 subclone than non-H30 (23.3%, 10/43 versus 0%, 0/20; P=0.02). Conclusion This study showed that ST131 isolates were widespread among human E. coli urinary isolates in Hong Kong. The increase in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes are highlighted with ST131, especially the H30 subclone isolates. The dissemination of the ST131 resistant clonal group has aroused clinical attention and limited the choice of empirical treatment. / published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Thesis (DR. P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Keywords: proanthocyanidins; fimbriae; Bacterial adhesion. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-145).