A study was conducted to examine the impact of diet and cold weather on the excretion of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from beef cows, and the potential for these nutrients to be lost to waterways or as greenhouse gases (GHG). Feces and urine were collected from mature cows fed low-quality forage supplemented with DDGS to 0%, 10%, and 20% ww-1 in the fall of 2008 and winter of 2009. A detailed nutrient analysis was performed to determine forms of N and fractions of P in excreta. Feces, urine, and a simulated bedding pack were then applied to grassland to determine soil GHG emission. Cattle receiving DDGS supplementation excreted greater proportions of labile P in feces and greater concentrations of P in urine. The 20% DDGS diets had greater nitrous oxide emission from urine patches and greater proportions of available N in urine and feces.

A direct injection nebulizer (DIN) was constructed in our laboratory and was evaluated as an interface between a liquid chromatography column and an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). Optimum operating conditions, detection limits and reproducibility of the DIN closely matched literature data for a somewhat different commercial device. In addition, when using the DIN for sample introduction, the ICP detection exhibited uniform response towards phosphorous compounds of different volatilities. / Department of Chemistry

A study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 to determine the effect of liquid hog manure fertilization on greenhouse gas emissions from the surface of a grassland pasture in south-eastern Manitoba. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of manure application, itstiming and soil moisture on greenhouse gas emissions from pasture soil, cattle dung and urine patches. Nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were determined from grassland soil surface, and from cattle dung and artificial urine patches. Liquid hog manure treatments were no manure (Control); 153 kg ha-1 of available-nitrogen (N) (two year average) in spring (Spring); and 149 kg ha-1 as half-rate applications in fall and spring (Split). Four field experiments were conducted on grassland plots. The static-vented chamber technique was used to estimate gas emission rates. Two of the experiments focused on the effects of manure application timing and soil moisture on greenhouse gas emissions from the grassland soil surface. The other two experiments focused on the effects of manure application and soil moisture on greenhouse gas emissions from cattle dung and artificial urine patches. Fresh cattle dung was collected from steers grazing adjacent pastures receiving the same three manure treatments. Artificial cattle urine treatments were generated by converting blood urea concentrations of the steers into urine-N concentrations. Manure application increased (P≤0.01) cumulative N2O emissions from the grassland soil surface with Control, Split and Spring treatments averaging 7, 43 and 120 mg N2O-N m-2, respectively. Of the two manure treatments, the Spring treatment emitted higher (P≤0.10) N2O emissions than the Split treatment. Soil moisture was a major factor influencing the quantity and type of greenhouse gas emissions, with saturated areas emitting CH4 during warm periods, whereas drier areas emitted N2O. Nitrous oxide emissions from these dry areas were higher in manure-treated plots. Spring application increased root density by 45% in the top 5 cm of soil compared to the Control. An increase in soil organic carbon with root density may offset any increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused by manure treatment. Cattle dung from Split and Spring treatments had higher cumulative N2O emissions (30 and 82 mg N2O-N m-2, respectively) compared to dung from Control pastures (6 mg N2O-N m-2) over two study years. Dung from the Spring treatment emitted more N2O (P≤0.01) than the other two treatments. All cattle dung patches emitted CH4 after deposition though unaffected by manure treatment. Artificial urine having highest N concentration had greater (P≤0.05) cumulative N2O emissions (690 mg N2O-N m-2) than urine with the lowest N concentration (170 mg N2O-N m-2). Drier soil locations emitted more N2O from cattle dung and artificial urine patches than wetter areas. This study demonstrated that Split application of liquid hog manure to grassland emitted less N2O than a complete application in spring. Moisture greatly affected the location of N2O and CH4 emissions. Drier areas emitted more N2O than wetter ones. Particularly, the findings indicate a need to assess grassland on periodically saturated soils as sources rather than sinks for CH4. Application of manure increased greenhouse gas emissions from cattle dung and urine patches with urine potentially having the greatest impact because of their higher emissions of N2O. An increase in root growth seems to offset greenhouse gas emissions from manure application.

OBJECTIVE: To measure urinary triclosan levels and their variability across pregnancy, and to identify sources of triclosan exposure among Canadian pregnant women. METHODS: Single spot and serial urine samples, as well as consumer product use information were collected across pregnancy and post-partum from 80 healthy pregnant women in Ottawa. Analyses included descriptives, linear mixed effects and parametric trend modeling, and surrogate category analysis. RESULTS: Triclosan was detected in 87% of maternal urine samples (LOD=3.0 µg/L). Triclosan concentrations varied by time of day of urine collection (p=0.0006), season of sampling (p=0.019), and parity (p=0.038). Triclosan was included in 4% of all personal care products used by participants; 89% of these triclosan products were varying brands of toothpaste and hand soaps. CONCLUSION: This study provided the first data on temporal variability urinary triclosan levels, and on source attribution data in Canadian pregnant women. Results will assist with population-specific exposure assessment strategies.

A study was conducted to examine the impact of diet and cold weather on the excretion of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from beef cows, and the potential for these nutrients to be lost to waterways or as greenhouse gases (GHG). Feces and urine were collected from mature cows fed low-quality forage supplemented with DDGS to 0%, 10%, and 20% ww-1 in the fall of 2008 and winter of 2009. A detailed nutrient analysis was performed to determine forms of N and fractions of P in excreta. Feces, urine, and a simulated bedding pack were then applied to grassland to determine soil GHG emission. Cattle receiving DDGS supplementation excreted greater proportions of labile P in feces and greater concentrations of P in urine. The 20% DDGS diets had greater nitrous oxide emission from urine patches and greater proportions of available N in urine and feces.

Šiame darbe nagrinėjami kietazės ekstrakcijos ir skysčių – skysčių ekstrakcijos metodai, bei lyginami jų efektyvumai ekstrahuojant kodeiną iš kraujo plazmos ir šlapimo. Ekstrakcijų efektyvumai buvo nustatinėjami UV spektrometrijos būdu. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti optimalias mėginio ruošimo toksikologinėje analizėje metodikas, tinkamas kodeino išskyrimui iš biologinių terpių – kraujo plazmos, šlapimo, bei palyginti šių metodikų efektyvumą. įvertinus gautus duomenis, galima teigti, kad ekstrahuojant kodeiną iš šlapimo, skysčių – skysčių ekstrakcijos ir kietafazės ekstrakcijos efektyvumai buvo panašūs. Ekstrahuojant kodeiną iš kraujo plazmos – efektyvesnė pasirodė kietafzė ekstrkcija. / In this master’s thesis are examined solid phase extraction and liquid - liquid extraction methods. Codeine has been extracted by using these methotds, efficiencies of extraction methods were determined by UV spectrophotometry. The aim of this this master’s thesis is to determine the optimal sample preparation methodologies for toxicological analysis, codeine proper isolation of biological media - plasma, urine, and to compare the effectiveness of these methods. After assessment of the data, it can be said that the extraction of codeine from urine, efficiencies were similar extracting by using liquid - liquid extraction and solid phase extraction. Codeine is more efficiently extracted from blood plasma by solid phase extraction method than liquid - liquid extraction method.

[Truncated abstract] Urinary desmosines have been proposed as a biomarker for inflammatory lung damage. Desmosine, a breakdown product of elastin, is an effective marker of the degradation of elastin and has been studied in many disease scenarios where there is acute and chronic lung inflammation. Lung matrix degradation has been proven in vitro and in vivo with many experiments showing that the excess proteases degrades lung matrix. The secretion of proteases by neutrophils is an innate response of the body to the invasion by micro organisms and when secreted in excess, the protective anti-protease mechanism is swamped. Chronic inflammation and persistent infection eventually leads to bronchiectasis and respiratory failure. Urinary desmosine has been shown to be elevated in respiratory conditions with acute and chronic inflammation . . . Urinary desmosine levels in a large cohort of healthy children have been established using this method and predictive Z-score formulae have been developed to use in children with lung disease. Exploration of these scores in children with CF have shown that the levels of urinary desmosine appear to be sensitive to the clinical setting, where high urinary desmosine levels were present during exacerbation and significantly reduced when treated for infection with antibiotic therapy and physiotherapy. The study of young children under the age of seven was undertaken to determine if the urinary desmosine levels could indicate when lung damage was occurring and to determine what mechanisms might be involved. Since there appeared to be no apparent relationship between elevated desmosines and proteases in the lung in young children with CF, further studies are required to define the mechanisms behind increased elastin metabolism in those children.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Univ. / Återtagen utgåva. Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 1999. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Lic.-avh. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.