Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-04-01T00:00:00Z / Electronic commerce is already a Brazilian reality. However, this modality of electronic business hasn't yet achieved its full potential, especially referring to business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. Several factors are pointed as restrictions to its growth, but none is more on the spot, or more controversial than Internet security, especially on electronic transactions. This research analyzes security matters from an Internet user 's point of view, since lhe Web user 's security perception leads to trust, and trust ajJects electronic purchase decisions, including how much he or she will buy through Internet. Internet security, often taken as the biggest problem in digital world, is now alternatively understood as an ecommerce foundation, and consequently, a huge competitive advantage for e-business. / O comércio eletrônico já é uma realidade brasileira. Contudo, esta modalidade de negócio eletrônico ainda não atingiu o seu pleno potencial, especialmente nas negociações orientadas para o consumidor (B2C). Vários fatores são apontados como restrições ao seu crescimento, mas nenhum deles é tão destacado e controvertido quanto a segurança na Internet, especialmente nas transações eletrônicas. Este trabalho analisa a questão da segurança do ponto de vista dos usuários de Internet, uma vez que a percepção de segurança dos internautas determina a sua confiança, e a sua confiança influencia a sua decisão de compra eletrônica e a abrangência das compras realizadas através da Internet. A segurança, vista freqüentemente como a grande vilã no mundo digital, passa a ser entendida alternativamente como um dos fundamentos do comércio eletrônico e, conseqüentemente, uma grande vantagem competitiva para os negócios eletrônicos.

Dans les petites îles en développement soumises à de fortes pressions humaines, comme l'archipel des Comores, les usages qui favorisent l'érosion côtière sont un facteur aggravant de vulnérabilité du littoral face au changement climatique et à l'élévation du niveau de la mer. À Anjouan, les profils topographiques des plages et la construction de géoindicateurs paysagers montrent qu'une grande partie du littoral meuble est très érodée, notamment dans les zones de forte pression anthropique où les plages sont soumises à l'extraction de sédiments. Il en résulte des impacts négatifs dans l'économie, la société et l'environnement de l'île, notamment une dégradation généralisée des services écosystémiques sur lesquels les pouvoirs publics pourraient s'appuyer pour amorcer le développement d'Anjouan. Pour réduire la vulnérabilité du trait de côte à l'érosion, des murs sont construits avec le soutien financier des partenaires internationaux et régionaux, au risque d'accentuer encore plus la dégradation du littoral. Les usagers des plages considèrent que les causes de l'érosion sont plus à rechercher dans l'action de l'homme que dans celle de nature et demandent des mesures socio-économiques pour réduire les dégradations d'origine anthropique. Cette étude montre que toute politique de GIZC à Anjouan comme ailleurs aux Comores ne sera efficace que si les personnes chargées de sa mise en œuvre tiennent compte des réalités locales et des perceptions des usagers du littoral. / In the context of climate change and sea level rising, the activities of coastal communities can increase the vulnerability of the seashore to coastal erosion particularly in small developing islands as Anjouan in the Comoros archipelago where the human density on the coast is quite heavy. This thesis focuses on sandy beaches, studied as a system. The monitoring of topographic profiles of beaches and landscaped geoindicators show that a large part of the sandy coast of Anjouan is very degraded and eroded. The erosion is mainly localized to areas of high human pressure, including beaches subjected to the extraction of sediments . Combined with natural hazards, the erosion due to human activities generates serious damages for the economy, society and environment of Anjouan, including the degradation of ecosystem services on which the government could draw to initiate the development of the island . To reduce the vulnerability of the coastline to erosion, walls are built with the financial support of international and regional bodies, but they are inefficient and the risk of coastal degradation is even greater. For beach users, causes erosion are to be found in the work of the man and not in nature. Minimizing this risk requires socio-economic measures to reduce anthropogenic degradations. This study shows that a policy of ICZM in Anjouan in the Comoros and elsewhere will only be effective if those responsible for its implementation take into account local realities and perceptions of coastal users.