Le véhicule électrique est une des solutions de transport respectueuses de l’environnement, n’émettant pas de polluant lors de son utilisation. Gruau, constructeur carrossier pour véhicules utilitaires, se lance activement dans le transport écologique sur le segment de l’utilitaire 3,5t. Afin d’accroitre les ventes de véhicules utilitaires électriques, il est nécessaire d’en réduire le coût total de possession (ou TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier et de modéliser le comportement des composants de ce véhicule électrique pour simuler des calculs de TCO. Le composant principal étudié est la batterie, dont la durée de vie limitée conditionne la rentabilité du véhicule. La première partie des travaux fut consacrée à la modélisation du comportement du véhicule en fonction d’une mission client donnée. Une étude des cellules de batterie est réalisée dans le but de construire un modèle multi-physique complet en prenant en considération le vieillissement calendaire et le vieillissement en cyclage. Un modèle énergétique global, comprenant ce modèle batterie, permet de déterminer l’énergie nécessaire pour un parcours donné et de simuler le vieillissement des cellules électrochimiques afin de calculer le TCO. Une seconde partie est orientée vers le calcul du TCO. La mise en oeuvre d’un algorithme d’optimisation avec une méthodologie d’accélération des calculs a permis de réaliser les calculs dans des temps raisonnables (passage de 13h à 15min par itération). Après étude de l’impact du dimensionnement de la batterie sur le TCO, il en ressort que la réduction de la capacité n’entraine pas systématiquement la réduction du TCO. Il existe pour chaque mission un point de TCO optimal (jusqu’à 17% d’éconnomie). Afin d’améliorer le TCO, des stratégies de recharge intelligentes sont élaborées et permettent rentabilité accrue du VUE (jusqu’à 29%). Ce travail a été intégré dans un logiciel d’aide à la décision de la capacité de la batterie suivant les besoins du client, destiné aux forces de ventes commerciales. / The electric vehicle is one of the environmentally friendly transport solutions that emit no pollutant during its use. Gruau, manufacturer-converter for light commercial vehicles (LCV), is actively involved in green transport in the 3.5t segment. In order to increase sales of electric LCV, it is necessary to reduce its total cost of ownership (TCO). The objective of this thesis is to study and model the behavior of the components of this electric vehicle in order to simulate TCO. The main component studied is the battery, whose limited lifetime will determine the profitability of the vehicle. The first part of the work was devoted to modeling the behavior of the vehicle according to a given customer mission. The study of battery cells was done with the aim of building a complete multi-physics model taking into account calendar aging and cycling aging. Then, this battery model is integrated in a complete energy model taking into account all the components of the studied vehicle. Then a global model, including this battery model, makes it possible to determine the energy required for a given path and to simulate the aging of the electrochemical cells in order to calculate the TCO. A second part is oriented towards the calculation of the TCO. The implementation of an optimization algorithm, with a methodology of computing acceleration, allowed to achieve the computations in reasonable times (reduction from 13h to 15min by iteration). After studying the impact of battery sizing on the TCO, it appears that the reduction of the battery capacity does not systematically lead to the reduction of the TCO. There is therefore an optimum TCO point for each mission (up to 17% savings). In order to improve the TCO, smart recharging strategies are developed and allow increasing e-LCV profitability (up to 29%). This work is integrated into a decision support software relative to the battery capacity according to customer needs, intended for commercial sales forces.

This thesis deals with a conceptual design of small utility vehicle with three axles. The aim is to devise a suitable type of frame along with construction of all axles and a steering system, implementation of a drive train, a braking system and other basic equipment. Own solution is preceded by elaboration of a survey dealing with small utility vehicles produced nowadays as well as in the past together with a description of all variants of basic assemblies suitable for the construction of the specified vehicle.

<p>In developing countries water access is not always available. In many locations around the world, people lack sufficient access of water for both drinking and domestic purposes and use unsafe water sources. Particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, women and children walk great distances to obtain access to water. People must have equitable and affordable access to safe and sufficient water that is palatable and in sufficient quantity for both drinking and domestic purposes before any other long-term economic development or social improvement can occur. This research seeks to increase access to subsurface water by improving the driving capabilities of the Well-Driver PUP (Purdue Utility Project) vehicle. The Well-Driver PUP is a low-volume manufactured utility vehicle with a hydraulic post driver mated to it in order to mechanize tube well installation. </p> <p>Worldwide, there are many locations where the water table depth is less than 23 meters, specifically in the 10-20 meters range. These areas include sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, South America, northern India, Asia, and parts of the Asia Pacific Islands. These locations are places where the Well-Driver PUP could potentially be utilized, if sufficient reliability and depth can be demonstrated on a repeatable basis. This would increase the number of locations throughout the world that the vehicle could be used to access ground water for those with limited to no current water access. Ghana is one of the many countries located within sub-Saharan Africa where the Well-Driver PUP could have a positive impact.</p> <p>The author has had significant professional experience working in Ghana on various international development projects related to agriculture, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). She has been part of international development projects in Ghana, Tanzania, and Haiti, with experience working cross-culturally since 2014. She has worked on projects specifically in Ghana for more than 9 years and has been part of more than 32 different water resource projects within the country. Therefore, consideration is specifically given to the appropriateness of the Well-Driver PUP as first piloted in Ghana. For this work, a cost analysis of using the Well-Driver PUP per depth and comparison to current driven wells in Ghana was carried-out. </p> <p>A review of the literature was conducted. Four research questions and experiments were established. Experiment 1 carried-out three different pipe stack numerical loading studies that were simulated in Fusion 360® (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA). Load models were examined of a centered hit, a non-centered hit, and a well point only. It was shown that the average dynamic impact force applied by the driving ram was calculated to be 39 kN. FEA analysis was conducted in Fusion 360®, and it included Von Mises, safety factor, and displacement results. The average dynamic impact force that the Well-Driver PUP applies was less than both the yield stress and ultimate tensile strength of ASTM A53 steel, indicating that no deformation or breakage of the well point should be expected. </p> <p>Experiment 2 included increasing the weight of the driving ram, through the addition of weight plates. A series of wooden fence post installations using these new weight additions was conducted. This experiment allowed for a regression model to be developed predicting the impact of weight added to the driving ram, the drop height of the ram, and the soil moisture content, on the driving depth of the vehicle. The MLR model included the penetration depth (Y), weight added (X₁), drop height (X₂), and soil moisture content (X₃). The model coefficient estimates were determined, and the predictor variables were all found to be significant at p < 0.01.</p> <p>Experiment 3 focused on improved reliability and finding the maximum depth capabilities of the Well-Driver PUP with new weight additions added to the driving ram. Two attempts were made to determine the driving depth capabilities of the vehicle. Both well installations were conducted in Montgomery County Indiana. Water was struck at both locations. At the first location, final well depth was 2.1 m with a 0.76 m of water within the column. The driver encountered a layer of blue-gray clay that it was unable to pass through. </p> <p>A second driving attempt was made to install a deeper well. The final well depth was 5.0 m with 1.67 m of water within the column. At this location, it is believed that a layer of limestone, shale, or siltstone was encountered. Comparing the compressive strength of limestone, sandstone, and shale, the Well-Driver PUP was not capable of driving through such materials. Therefore, at both well locations, the maximum driving depth capabilities of the driver were achieved. At both installation locations, the wells were formally developed. Both sets of water quality samples were submitted to the Montgomery County Health Department and received satisfactory ratings. </p> <p>Experiment 4 resulted in the fabrication and design of a 4” well point. The fabricated well point was installed to create a completed well at a depth of 2.7 m in Linden IN. There was 0.1 m of water within the pipe column. The well was formally developed, and the water quality results received a satisfactory rating. A cost analysis of a 4” well by depth was conducted. The total cost to fabricate one well point totaled $661.42. Of the total cost, 81% of the costs came from the 4” base pipe and the specialty pre-perforated screen used to create the secondary screen. The completion of these experiments provides a better understanding of the driving capabilities of the Well-Driver Pup. Improving the driving depth capabilities of the Well-Driver Pup will help to push this low-cost alternative technology closer to release in the developing world.</p> <p><br></p>