The Tenth Cruiser Squadron provided a vital element to the Blockade of Germany, patrolling the seas between northwest Scotland, Iceland and Greenland. It was the longest continuous naval operation of the war lasting from 1914-1917. The Squadron’s resources were armed merchant cruisers manned by Naval Reservists and Mercantile Marine ratings all commanded by a Flag Officer and Royal Naval Commanding Officers. The thesis follows the Royal Navy’s deliberations to establish its Reservist elements and how the Navy assumed the men of the Mercantile Marine could be brought into naval service. A parallel debate in Parliament considered the viability of taking up ocean liners for conversion to armed merchant cruisers. Both sets of discussions lasted nearly fifty years. Most existing Squadron literature is chronological, drawing heavily on official reports of proceedings. This thesis concentrates on analysing personal diaries and biographies and is focused on the crews’ daily work to reveal a broad picture of life in the Squadron. Topics included are pay, accommodation, feeding scales, daily routines, promotion, pastoral and medical welfare, and recreation. These issues were in addition to the daily threats from surface and submarine attack and the constant debilitating bad weather. Although deemed successful, the thesis concludes, the blockade could have been tightened sooner if the Government had used statistics already held on imports and exports. The conclusion is also made that the Royal Navy’s failure to understand fully the shipping industry’s unique facets and the merchant seaman, created problems that could have been avoided. The Squadron’s operational achievement was intercepting nearly 13,000 suspect vessels. Its patrols performed a constabulary function which encouraged ships to call voluntarily at examination ports to be searched effectively. Less tangible, but equally praiseworthy, was the successful cohesion built amongst crews of widely differing experience.

The terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 on the World Trade Centre and Pentagon in the United States widely known as 9/11 undeniably produced a profound impact on a multitude sectors across the globe. The events became a turning point in the treatment of maritime security establishing a “before” and after” dividing line. One element that emerged in response to that attack was the change of attitude to security. This change, led to changes in behaviour and practices since it prompted a raft of measures, rules, and regulations to prevent such occurrences in the future. This thesis examines how security in the maritime sphere in respect of ports was given a new impetus by virtue of their inherent weaknesses as a potential target. In the past, port security was primarily focused on cargo theft and pilferage as well as denying access to those seeking to enter the country to improve their political or economic condition or to engage in smuggling activities. While the international regulation of shipping had increased substantially through the efforts of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) in the second half of the 20th century, ports had remained largely unaffected by this regulation. However, the 9/11 changed this situation. As the main focus turned towards dual objectives: to secure ports from any kinds of unlawful acts and concurrently fulfil the international security requirements, implementing and complying with a host of security regimes imposed by a range of parties was seen by some commentators as a particular challenge for the developing nations, due to higher costs and the implications for port policy and administration. This study examines this generalisation using the Port Klang and Malaysian port system as a case study. It analyses security measures and management before and after 9/11, considering the impact not only of international regulations, especially the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, but also of bi-lateral security measures required by the United States as a trading partner and regional organisations. Its findings are based on in-depth interviews conducted with the key Malaysian governmental and private stakeholders, supplemented by other primary and secondary sources. The study concludes that, partly as a result of previous colonial and post-colonial anti-terrorist measures, Malaysia generally had a well managed port security system prior to 9/11. This meant that though some minor internal and external problems were identified, Malaysia managed to handle effectively the post 9/11 port security regimes with minimal cost implications. Any presumption that, as a developing country, it would have problems with implementation proved to be unfounded.

Afin d’enrayer le dérèglement climatique actuel dû à l’utilisation à grande échelle de combustibles fossiles comme source d’énergie, une transition vers des énergies non émettrices de dioxyde de carbone est nécessaire. L’hydrogène, vecteur d’énergie neutre en dioxyde de carbone, pourrait y jouer un rôle important. Cependant, ses propriétés thermodynamiques interdisent de le stocker pur à des pressions modérées dans un volume raisonnable pour alimenter un véhicule. Le stockage solide sous forme d’hydrure métallique semble être une solution prometteuse à ce problème. Les alliages de structure cubique centrée à base de vanadium étant légers comparés aux alliages à base de terres rares étudiés depuis les années 1970, cette thèse a pour objet l’étude des propriétés d’hydrogénation (pression d’équilibre et capacité d’absorption notamment) d’alliages du système Fe Ti–V. Les composés à étudier devant être de structure cubique centrée et la limite de solubilité du fer dans cette phase du système Fe–Ti–V n’étant pas documentée de manière fiable, la première partie du travail a consisté en l’approfondissement des connaissances sur le diagramme d’équilibre grâce notamment à la détermination des sections isothermes à 1000 °C et 1200 °C. Pour cela, des échantillons massifs ont été synthétisés par fusion en four à arc puis recuit en four résistif. Les relations de phases ont été systématiquement analysées par diffraction des rayons X sur poudre et microsonde électronique. Grâce à ces techniques, nous avons pu montrer qu’après recuit à 1000 °C, la limite de solubilité du fer dans un alliage Ti–V dépasse 15 at.% pour tout rapport Ti/V. Lorsque la température de recuit est portée à 1200 °C, cette limite de solubilité dépasse 20 at.% de fer quel que soit le rapport Ti/V < 1. Une réaction quasi-péritectique a également pu être mise en évidence à 1140 °C et une projection de la surface liquidus est proposée, basée sur l’analyse de la microstrucure des échantillons. La seconde partie de notre travail a consisté en l’étude sur banc manométrique des propriétés d’hydrogénation d’échantillons de structure cubique centrée. Il en ressort que la majorité des composés étudiés ont une capacité totale à température ambiante de 1,7H/M, soit 3,4 wt.%, ou 140 g_L-1, la capacité réversible s’élevant à 0,98H/M, soit 1,93 wt.%, ou 82,5 g_L-1 (densité supérieure à celle du dihydrogène liquide) pour l’échantillon de compositionTi10V88Fe2. La dépendance entre l’enthalpie d’hydrogénation et la compositiondes échantillons est linéaire et a été déterminée. On peut ainsi, en fonction de la composition choisie, obtenir des pressions d’équilibre allant de 0,1 bar à plus de 100 bar. Une étude structurale par diffraction des rayons X pour de faibles concentrations en hydrogène a mis en évidence la déformation de la maille cubique en maille quadratique lorsque la quantité d’hydrogène absorbé augmente. La cinétique d’absorption des échantillons de structure cubique centrée est par ailleurs très avantageuse, puisqu’une minute suffit pour que 90% de la capacité totale soit atteinte. En revanche, on observe un ralentissement de la cinétique en fonction du nombre de cycles appliqués. Toutefois, ce type d’alliage reste prometteur pour des applications de stockage de l’hydrogène / In order to stop the current climatic disturbance due to the large scale use of fossilfuels as a source of energy, a transition towards less carbon dioxide emitting energies is necessary. Hydrogen, a carbon dioxide neutral energy carrier, could play an important role. However, its thermodynamic properties prevent from storing it pure under moderate pressure in a reasonable volume in order to feed a vehicle. Metallic hydride storage seems to be a promising solution to this problem. Vanadium based body centered cubic alloys being light compared to rare earth based alloys used since the 1970s, the purpose of this work is the study of the hydrogenation properties (equilibrium pressure and absorption capacity in particular) of Fe–Ti–V system alloys.Since the compounds to be investigated have to take the body centered cubic structure, but the solubility limit of iron in this phase of the Fe–Ti–V system is not reliably documented, the first part of this work consisted in deepening the equilibrium diagram knowledge by determining the isothermal sections at 1000 °C and 1200 °C. With this aim in view, bulk samples were synthesized by arc melting followed by an annealing in a resistive furnace. The phase relations were systematically analysed by means of powder X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis. Thanks to these techniques, we showed that after annealing at 1000 °C, the solubility limit of iron in a Ti–V alloy exceeds 15 at.% for any ratio Ti/V < 1. A quasi-peritectic reaction at 1140 °C could also be evidenced and a liquidus surface projection is proposed, based on microstructural analyses. The second part of this work consisted in the study of the hydrogenation properties of body centered cubic samples. The majority of the studied compounds showed a total capacity at ambient temperature of 1.7H/M, corresponding to 3.4 wt.%, or 140 g_L��1, and the reversible capacity of the sample of composition Ti10V88Fe2 amounts to 0.98H/M, corresponding to 1.93 wt.%, or 82,5 g_L��1 (density higher than that of liquid hydrogen). There is a linear relationship, which was determined, between the alloy compositions and the hydrogenation enthalpy. We can thus, depending on the chosen composition, obtain equilibrium pressures ranging from 0.1 bar to more than 100 bar. A structural study by meansof X-ray diffraction for low hydrogen concentrations pointed out the unit cell distortionfrom body centered cubic to body centered tetragonal by increasing hydrogen concentration. Furthermore, absorption kinetics of the body centered cubic samples is interesting, since 90% of the total capacity is absorbed within one minute. On the other hand, a slowing down of the kinetics is observed when a large number of hydriding – dehydriding cycles is applied. However, this kind of alloy remains promising for hydrogen storage applications

My thesis seeks to develop the theory of legitimate peripheral participation by focusing on how it is accomplished in practice, through exploring the process of transition from novices to (relative) masters. In doing so, the study opens the black box of participation in studies of situated learning and focuses on two aspects that lead to a further development of legitimate peripheral participation. First, it looks at how newcomers undergo legitimate peripheral participation at two sites of practice and how movement between the sites influences the process of transition. Second, it focuses on the ways in which newcomers negotiate access to participation at a site where such access is not readily available. The research was conducted as a five-month multi-sited ethnographic study in the maritime industry; as such it focuses on the process of transition from cadets (newcomers) to officers (relative old-timers). Two research sites were used for conducting the ethnographic study, a maritime training center, and a merchant shipping vessel. Analysis of the data collected through observations and interviews at the two sites reveals key insights into the practical accomplishment of legitimate peripheral participation. The study shows the influence of movement between sites of practice and theorizes transition as an episodic process. Furthermore, the study explores the ways of doing through which newcomers are able to successfully negotiate access to participation. As such it develops a practice-sensitive concept of proactivity as a way of negotiating access to participation. Overall the thesis develops a more nuanced understanding of participation and shows how legitimate peripheral participation is accomplished in practice.

No description available.

Aboriginal rights are rooted in the historical relationship between the Indigenous peoples of Canada and the Crown and attempt to reconcile the prior occupation of lands by the Aboriginal peoples with claims of Crown Sovereignty. Treaty rights, on the other hand, owe their existence to a series of consensual agreements between the signatories and represent an ongoing relationship between the parties. Treaties represent an integral part of the early Indigenous-European relationship, initially offering peace and friendship and later a vehicle through which the Europeans could acquire lands from the Aboriginal peoples for settlement. In the seminal decision R. v. Sparrow, the Supreme Court of Canada for the first time attempted to address the scope and content of these constitutionally protected Aboriginal rights. The court concluded that Aboriginal rights existed at common law and that these common law rights, whatever they may be, received constitutional protection by virtue of s. 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. Thus, any legislative enactment designed to infringe on these rights must meet constitutional standards for justification. Despite strict limitations on infringement, in the period following Sparrow, the Court has watered down the effects of this decision by diluting the legislative intent portion of the test to such a degree that it risks becoming a non-factor in the justification process. In this paper, I contend that the use of the Sparrow test, particularly as that test has been interpreted by the Court in the period following Sparrow is flawed, and to use this test as a tool for determining when constitutionally protected Aboriginal treaty rights might be infringed multiplies this flaw to a critical point. / October 2004

Besides collagen, elastin is the most common connective tissue structural protein in vertebrates and similar to collagen relatively resistant to non-specific degradation. Typical elastolytic proteases are the serine-dependent pancreatic and leukocyte elastases, the Zn-dependent matrix metalloproteinase 12, and several lysosomal cysteine proteases. Among the cysteine cathepsins, cathepsins S, K and V are highly potent elastases with cathepsin V displaying the highest activity among all known mammalian elastases. Despite a shared amino acid sequence identity of over 80% between cathepsins V and L and very similar subsite specificities, only cathepsin V has a potent elastase activity whereas cathepsin L lacks it. A series of chimera mutants containing various proportions of cathepsin V and cathepsin L were constructed in an attempt to define a specific region needed for elastin degradation. It was found that retaining the peptide sequence region from amino acids 89 to 119 of cathepsin V preserves the mutant’s elastolytic activity against elastin-Rhodamine conjugates whereas the region FTVVAPGK (amino acids 112-119) contributes approximately 60% of activity retention. Several additional mutant proteins involving mutual swapping of residues VDIPK (amino acids 113-117) of cathepsin L with residues TVVAPGK (amino acids 113-119) of cathepsin V, deletion of Glyl 18 from cathepsin V, and insertion of Gly between Prol 16 and Lysi 17 in cathepsin L were constructed and evaluated for their elastolytic activities. The results obtained with those mutant cathepsin proteins support the importance of the amino acid region spanning the residues from 112 to 119 in cathepsin V. Based on the 3-D structure of cathepsin V, this peptide region is located below subsite binding pocket S2 and forms a wall-like barrier which may act as an exosite for the productive binding of cross-linked elastin.

In previous studies, the thermal performance of ribbed channels was studied for Reynolds numbers up to 100,000 with different rib shapes. In more recent studies, the thermal performance of ribbed channels was studied up to Reynolds numbers of 400,000 for angled ribs to cover the range of internal cooling inside land-based gas turbines. Previous studies also show that the thermal performance of V-shaped ribs is better than the angled ribs. In this study, the Reynolds number from 30,000 to 400,000 is studied with V-shaped ribs. The blockage ratio e/D is 0.1, 0.15, and 0.18 and spacing ratio P/e is 5, 7.5, and 10. The results show that the Nusselt number enhancement decreases when the Reynolds number increases. The friction factor is found to be independent of The Reynolds number. The thermal performance decreases when the Reynolds number increases. Correlations for the Nusselt number and the friction factor as function of Re, e/D, and P/e are developed.

Recently, the novel development of light guide is V-cut light guide which integrate the micro-prisms on the top and bottom surface of the light guide. Although the V-cut light guide can use the energy of light source efficiently, its uniformity is lower than the traditional scattering dots light guide. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve the low uniformity phenomenon of V-cut light guide. First, this study designs three micro-structures on the bottom surface of light guide, and analyzes the influences of shape and geometric parameters of each micro-structure on the luminous flux enhancement. Then, on the top surface of light guide, the micro-lens are modeled which includes the scattering characteristic of diffuser in order to improve the backlight uniformity. It can achieve the effect of diffuser does through the design of scattering micro-lens, so it can save the cost of diffuser. Finally, the integrated design of 7 inches light guide and diffusion structures was simulated by using commercial software LightTools, and the result shows that the backlight uniformity can achieve 90.6%.

The method of C-V analysis is a powerful technique to determine the parameter of MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) structure. In this study, we fabricate the MOS structure with rf magnetron sputtering of Ta2O5 on n-ZnSe surface. The n-ZnSe¡¦s with various carrier concentrations have different electrical property. Interfaces of various Ta2O5/ZnSe have different properties, for examples flatband voltage, threshold voltage, the mobile oxide charge density, and the effective oxide charge concentration and etc. We find that the interfaces of the Ta2O5/ZnSe MOS structure have low mobile charges and interface trap charges. Thus Ta2O5/ZnSe MOS structure may be worthy to develop further.