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Experimental vaccination for onchocerciasis and the identification of early markers of protective immunityDuprez, Jessica Anais Sybille January 2018 (has links)
Onchocerciasis, caused by Onchocerca volvulus remains a major public health and socio-economic problem across the tropics, despite years of mass drug administration (MDA) with Ivermectin to reduce disease burden. Through modelling, it has been shown that elimination cannot be achieved with MDA alone and additional tools are needed, such as vaccination, which remains the most cost-effective tool for long-term disease control. The feasibility behind vaccination against O. volvulus can be demonstrated in the Litomosoides sigmodontis mouse model, which shows that vaccine induced protection can be achieved with immunisation using irradiated L3, the infective stage of L. sigmodontis and with microfilariae (Mf), the transmission stage of the parasite. There is further evidence of protective immunity in humans, with individuals living in endemic areas that show no signs of infection despite being exposed to the parasite (endemic normal). The protective efficacy of promising vaccine candidates were evaluated using an immunisation time course in the L. sigmodontis model, using either DNA plasmid or peptide vaccines. In immunisation experiments in L. sigmodontis, Mf numbers are used as a measure of protection and marks the end of an immunisation time course. However, when changes in gene expression were measured at the end of an immunisation time course, in attempts to identify gene signatures that could be used as markers of protection (correlates of protection) in the blood, no gene signatures were found to be associated with protection. This suggest that at the end of an immunisation time course, when protection is measured (change in Mf numbers), it is too late in infection to measure changes in immune pathways being triggered. Changes in gene expression were therefore measured in blood samples collected throughout an immunisation time course in the L. sigmodontis model, in order to identify the time point in an immunisation experiment which are the most indicative of protection. Two independent immunisation time courses were used, either using irradiated L3 or Mf as vaccine against L. sigmodontis, as these elicit the greatest protection. This generated a large high dimensional dataset, that was too large and complex for a differential fold-change analysis. Therefore, an analysis pipeline was created using machine learning algorithms, to detect changes in gene expression throughout the time courses to detect markers of protection. The 6 hour time point following immunisation showed the greatest change in gene expression, with the analysis pipeline identifying known pathways associated with vaccine-induced immunity. The pipeline was applied to gene expression data from human samples obtained from individuals living in endemic areas who were either infected with O. volvulus or endemic normal (naturally protected), this was to identify pathways associated with protective immunity in humans. When comparing vaccine induced immunity seen in mice and natural protective immunity in humans there was some overlap in pathways being triggered, suggesting that similar pathways are needed for protection and that if a vaccine can trigger the right pathways in mice, it is likely to be effective in humans. Overall the machine learning analysis of the gene expression data, not only shows that it is feasible to measure change in gene expression in blood during filarial infections, but that during an immunisation time course it is the early time points following immunisation that are the most predictive of vaccine efficacy (protection outcome). One of the vaccine candidates, cysteine protease inhibitor-2 (CPI), is a known immuno-modulator that inhibits MHC-II antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DC). This candidate has consistently been shown to induce protection if its immuno-modulatory active site was modified. In in vitro studies, it was shown that modification of the active site of CPI rescues antigen presentation in DC. This shows the importance of DC activation before the onset of infection, demonstrating the importance of triggering protective responses early in infection, and provides insight on how one of the vaccine candidates achieves protection.
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Chicken infectious anemia virus vaccination induces immune disorders and viral persistency in infectious bursal disease virus-infected young chicksVaziry, Asaad 08 1900 (has links)
La bursite infectieuse aviaire (IBD) est une des causes majeures de pertes économiques pour l’industrie aviaire. La vaccination est le principal outil de contrôle de cette maladie et les oiseaux susceptibles doivent être vaccinés aussitôt que le niveau des anticorps maternels (MA) anti-IBDV est suffisamment bas. L’estimation du moment de vaccination est habituellement déterminée par la formule de Deventer qui utilise le titre initial de MA anti-IBDV et la demi-vie des anticorps pour prédire l’évolution du titre. Dans la présente étude, l’effet du gain de poids sur la vitesse de disparition des MA a été étudié dans le but de l’utiliser pour prédire la détermination du moment de la vaccination. L’analyse des taux d’anticorps neutralisants par ELISA a montré que les poussins avec une forte croissance avaient un taux de disparition plus rapide des MA que ceux à faible croissance. Une formule pour la prédiction du moment de vaccination contre le IBDV, basée sur le gain de poids et le niveau des MA a été développée et vérifiée. La prédiction du moment de vaccination avec cette formule a montré une haute corrélation avec les titres de MA mesurés par ELISA.
Le virus de l’anémie infectieuse aviaire (CIAV) est une cause importante d’immunosuppression chez le poulet augmentant la pathogénicité des infections secondaires et en entraînant une réponse humorale suboptimale et une forte mortalité. D’autre part, l’infections sub-clinique du au CIAV provoque une immunosuppression qui facilite la coinfection par d’autre virus tel que le IBDV. Les effets de la coinfection à J1 avec une souche vaccinale de CIAV CAV-VAC® (Intervet) et à J14 avec une souche faiblement virulente de IBDV isolée au Québec, sur l’état de santé des poussins, sur la persistance virale et sur la réponse immunitaire ont été étudiés autant chez des poussins de 1 jour d’âge exempts d’agents pathogènes specifique (SPF) que ceux provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que l’inoculation de la souche vaccinale du CIAV a entraîné une infection sub-clinique, une persistance virale dans la rate et le thymus, une altération de la thymopoièse et une réponse humorale temporaire chez les poussins SPF. Ces effets ont aussi été mis en évidence chez des poussins d’élevage commerciaux malgré des taux élevés de MA. Lors de l’infection avec la souche de IBDV chez des poussins déjà vaccinés contre le CIAV, la persistance du CIAV dans les organes lymphoïdes a été aggravée par une présence de réponses humorales temporaires contre les deux virus et une altération des populations lymphocytaires dans les organes lymphoïdes. Par contre, la présence des MA contre le CIAV a limité temporairement ces effets. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des désordres immunitaires cellulaires et humoraux et une persistance virale chez des poussins vaccinés contre le CIAV et co-infectés avec le IBDV. / Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the major causes of economic losses in the chicken industry. Vaccination is the main tool against the disease, and the susceptible birds should be vaccinated as soon as the maternal antibody (MA) becomes low enough to allow the vaccine to break through. Estimation of vaccination time is currently performed by Deventer formula which uses initial anti-IBDV titer and antibody half-life to predict the titer. Considering the increased growth rate of chicken in the last decades and the wide variations of MA, we have examined the effects of chick’s weight gain on MA decline and the use of weight in predicting IBD vaccination time. The virus neutralization test and ELISA results demonstrated that fast-growing birds had a faster rate of antibody decline whereas slow-growing birds demonstrated a slower rate. Based on the effect of weight-gain on maternal antibody decline, a new formula for predicting IBD vaccination time was introduced and tested. The predicted IBD vaccination time made by this weight formula showed higher correlation with the measured ELISA titers in the experiment.
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is another cause of immunosuppression in chicken which is characterized by increased pathogenicity of secondary infectious agents, sub-optimal antibody responses and mortality. CIAV subclinical infections can result in immunosuppression and enhancement of pathogenicity of co-infecting agents such as infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Effects of pathogenic CIAV and IBDV coinfection on chick’s health and immune responses are investigated in different studies. In this study, newly hatched specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chicks were vaccinated with CAV-VAC® (Intervet) vaccine and /or inoculated with a low-virulent Québec isolate of IBDV at 14 days post CIAV vaccination.
Inoculation of the CIAV vaccinal strain at hatch resulted in subclinical infection associated with viral persistency in spleen and thymus, alteration of thymopoiesis and transient humoral response in SPF chicks. Subclinical infection, viral persistency and lack of antibody responses were also shown in CIAV inoculated commercial chicks with high MA. Infection of the low-virulent IBDV in the CIAV vaccinated SPF chicks lead to extended viral persistence of CIAV in lymphoid organs, transient immune responses to both CIAV and IBDV, and alteration of lymphocytes subpopulation in the lymphoid organs. In the coinfected commercial chicks, presence the CIAV in the lymphoid organs was controlled by MA in the first 1-2 weeks after hatch. Thereafter, the immune disorders, viral persistence and lack of humoral responses almost similar to the coinfected SPF chicks were recorded.
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Chicken infectious anemia virus vaccination induces immune disorders and viral persistency in infectious bursal disease virus-infected young chicksVaziry, Asaad 08 1900 (has links)
La bursite infectieuse aviaire (IBD) est une des causes majeures de pertes économiques pour l’industrie aviaire. La vaccination est le principal outil de contrôle de cette maladie et les oiseaux susceptibles doivent être vaccinés aussitôt que le niveau des anticorps maternels (MA) anti-IBDV est suffisamment bas. L’estimation du moment de vaccination est habituellement déterminée par la formule de Deventer qui utilise le titre initial de MA anti-IBDV et la demi-vie des anticorps pour prédire l’évolution du titre. Dans la présente étude, l’effet du gain de poids sur la vitesse de disparition des MA a été étudié dans le but de l’utiliser pour prédire la détermination du moment de la vaccination. L’analyse des taux d’anticorps neutralisants par ELISA a montré que les poussins avec une forte croissance avaient un taux de disparition plus rapide des MA que ceux à faible croissance. Une formule pour la prédiction du moment de vaccination contre le IBDV, basée sur le gain de poids et le niveau des MA a été développée et vérifiée. La prédiction du moment de vaccination avec cette formule a montré une haute corrélation avec les titres de MA mesurés par ELISA.
Le virus de l’anémie infectieuse aviaire (CIAV) est une cause importante d’immunosuppression chez le poulet augmentant la pathogénicité des infections secondaires et en entraînant une réponse humorale suboptimale et une forte mortalité. D’autre part, l’infections sub-clinique du au CIAV provoque une immunosuppression qui facilite la coinfection par d’autre virus tel que le IBDV. Les effets de la coinfection à J1 avec une souche vaccinale de CIAV CAV-VAC® (Intervet) et à J14 avec une souche faiblement virulente de IBDV isolée au Québec, sur l’état de santé des poussins, sur la persistance virale et sur la réponse immunitaire ont été étudiés autant chez des poussins de 1 jour d’âge exempts d’agents pathogènes specifique (SPF) que ceux provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que l’inoculation de la souche vaccinale du CIAV a entraîné une infection sub-clinique, une persistance virale dans la rate et le thymus, une altération de la thymopoièse et une réponse humorale temporaire chez les poussins SPF. Ces effets ont aussi été mis en évidence chez des poussins d’élevage commerciaux malgré des taux élevés de MA. Lors de l’infection avec la souche de IBDV chez des poussins déjà vaccinés contre le CIAV, la persistance du CIAV dans les organes lymphoïdes a été aggravée par une présence de réponses humorales temporaires contre les deux virus et une altération des populations lymphocytaires dans les organes lymphoïdes. Par contre, la présence des MA contre le CIAV a limité temporairement ces effets. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des désordres immunitaires cellulaires et humoraux et une persistance virale chez des poussins vaccinés contre le CIAV et co-infectés avec le IBDV. / Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the major causes of economic losses in the chicken industry. Vaccination is the main tool against the disease, and the susceptible birds should be vaccinated as soon as the maternal antibody (MA) becomes low enough to allow the vaccine to break through. Estimation of vaccination time is currently performed by Deventer formula which uses initial anti-IBDV titer and antibody half-life to predict the titer. Considering the increased growth rate of chicken in the last decades and the wide variations of MA, we have examined the effects of chick’s weight gain on MA decline and the use of weight in predicting IBD vaccination time. The virus neutralization test and ELISA results demonstrated that fast-growing birds had a faster rate of antibody decline whereas slow-growing birds demonstrated a slower rate. Based on the effect of weight-gain on maternal antibody decline, a new formula for predicting IBD vaccination time was introduced and tested. The predicted IBD vaccination time made by this weight formula showed higher correlation with the measured ELISA titers in the experiment.
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is another cause of immunosuppression in chicken which is characterized by increased pathogenicity of secondary infectious agents, sub-optimal antibody responses and mortality. CIAV subclinical infections can result in immunosuppression and enhancement of pathogenicity of co-infecting agents such as infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Effects of pathogenic CIAV and IBDV coinfection on chick’s health and immune responses are investigated in different studies. In this study, newly hatched specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chicks were vaccinated with CAV-VAC® (Intervet) vaccine and /or inoculated with a low-virulent Québec isolate of IBDV at 14 days post CIAV vaccination.
Inoculation of the CIAV vaccinal strain at hatch resulted in subclinical infection associated with viral persistency in spleen and thymus, alteration of thymopoiesis and transient humoral response in SPF chicks. Subclinical infection, viral persistency and lack of antibody responses were also shown in CIAV inoculated commercial chicks with high MA. Infection of the low-virulent IBDV in the CIAV vaccinated SPF chicks lead to extended viral persistence of CIAV in lymphoid organs, transient immune responses to both CIAV and IBDV, and alteration of lymphocytes subpopulation in the lymphoid organs. In the coinfected commercial chicks, presence the CIAV in the lymphoid organs was controlled by MA in the first 1-2 weeks after hatch. Thereafter, the immune disorders, viral persistence and lack of humoral responses almost similar to the coinfected SPF chicks were recorded.
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