The pattern of land subdivision is a determinant of the quality of the physical environment. There appear to be areas of many British Columbia municipalities where subdivision design detracts from the quality of the environment, Since community planning is concerned with improving the environment, deficient subdivision is a significant planning problem, and there is need for effective implementation techniques to amend existing subdivision patterns. Commonly used implementation techniques such as subdivision controls, plans cancellation and public land acquisition are of limited value in dealing with this problem. It is hypothesized that replotting is an effective implementation technique for improving the physical pattern of urban land subdivision as part of the community planning process in British Columbia. The British Columbia replotting legislation, found in the Municipal Act, allows a municipal Council to define any area of the municipality as a Replotting District. If owners representing seventy per cent of the assessed value of land in such a District consent, the land may be resubdivided, and owners of former parcels receive a new parcel of equal value in exchange, or compensation in money. All charges and encumbrances against former parcels are transferred to the new parcels. The legislation prescribes the procedures to be followed, the basis for compensation, and the rights of appeal. The research method used is the case study. The case study is conducted in the District of North Vancouver, a British Columbia municipality which has used replotting extensively. The topography In North Vancouver is hilly, any most developable areas were laid out prematurely in a grid pattern unsuited to the topography. The community planning process is now well established in the District. The general use of replotting in the District is outlined, and the administrative procedures followed are described. Four typical replotting schemes are then examined in detail. An evaluation of the use of replotting in the District of North Vancouver indicates that replotting has been successful in improving the contribution of subdivision design to the quality of the environments that replotting appears to be an economical procedure; that the technique has won public acceptance} and that it has been possible to integrate replotting successfully into community planning administration in the District. It is concluded from the case study that, subject to certain qualifications, replotting is an effective implementation technique for improving the physical pattern of urban land subdivision as part of the community planning process In British Columbia. Replotting has a number of specific advantages and also some limitations as a technique for altering existing patterns of subdivision; further areas of research are indicated, which would help to delimit the precise parameters within which replotting is most effective. While there have been some indications of wider Interest in the technique recently, at present the District of North Vancouver is the only British Columbia municipality making extensive use of replotting. It is recommended that other municipalities having the required staff skills consider the use of replotting. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

North American cities are becoming increasingly difficult to live in and to work in largely because they are difficult to move around in. For many cities vehicle congestion has reached a saturation level for streets and highways thus creating the problem of traffic congestion. This problem is universally understood to be the urban transportation problem. The transportation problem is largely a result of the growing concentration of population and economic activities within a small central area of land. Growth of population combined with rising incomes and increasing car ownership rates are continually increasing passenger and freight movement. With the increase of motor vehicles and vehicle usage the street system has proven inadequate to meet the increased demands for movement placed upon it. This inadequacy is particularly evident in the central urban areas during two relatively short periods of the day. These periods of peak traffic demand are a function of the journey to work. They occur twice in the typical day, the first being in the morning, the second occurring in the late afternoon. At other times during the day and night the street system, under normal conditions, is capable of handling the traffic demand. Thus there appears a need to bridge the growing gap between the demand for and supply of street facilities at peak hours. The basic approaches to the problem of bringing the demand for and supply of street facilities to a state of equilibrium are: to provide additional lanes of new or improved facilities to meet the traffic demands; to design developing areas on the basis of transportation demands and supply being in a state of equilibrium or to re-assign traffic to existing street facilities in accordance with the capacity of these facilities. The last method can be accomplished by staggering working hours. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the hypothesis: that by the staggering of working hours in the central business district, the peak congestion problem can be relieved. The study demonstrates the effect of staggering hours, in quantitative terms, on a particular transportation facility, the First Narrows Bridge, Vancouver, British Columbia. The technique of staggering hours, in this study, is used to limit the volume of traffic by modifying the demand upon the system. This is accomplished by breaking the total demand into smaller demand segments, by giving each segment a different deadline. This method can in effect equate the demand with the supply over a given period of time. By this method the number of vehicles arriving at the entrance to an area of restricted capacity can be equated to the supply or capacity. By applying this method to the case study it is possible to demonstrate the effects of staggering in eliminating peak period congestion delay time due to the limited capacity of a facility. Also determinable is the extent that traffic loads need be distributed over a period of time and how much time would be needed to effect economies in the level of service. To minimize the disruption of the staggering of working hours, the C.B.D. was divided into four control areas or zones based on dominant function. The starting times of the functional zones or control areas are arranged in a work starting order so as to minimize functional disruption. It is concluded from the illustration of the case study that some relief of congestion is possible through the staggering of working hours; and that this method is one contribution to improving the ability of the individual motorist to travel more economically and possibly at a more rapid rate. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

A predominant feature of Canadian society is the presence of a variety of ethnic minority groups which maintain distinctive values and patterns of behavior and which reside in readily identifiable ethnic concentrations. Literature describing ethnic minority residential clustering and dispersion stresses that because of the low socio-economic status of the members of these immigrant groups and because of their strong ethno-religious ties, they formed their own ethnic communities in urban core areas. As members, and their children and grandchildren particularly, improved their economic status and as their ethno-religious ties weakened, they began to move from the urban core ethnic concentration to ethnically mixed suburban communities. . This study focused upon Jews and Italians, two ethnic minorities which concentrate in ethnic clusters in the City of Vancouver and which have a substantial number of their members living in the suburban communities of Richmond, Burnaby, North Vancouver and West Vancouver. The research primarily addressed itself to exploring the associations between residential location and the following variables: ethno-religious identification, socio-economic status, generation status, and the nature and extent of social networks based on kith and kin. Responses to 157 questionnaires, which were administered to select groups of Jews, Italians, and Anglo-Saxons, were analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques. The results indicate that for both the Jewish and Italian groups, the intensity of ethno-religious identification is strongest among cluster residents. Although suburban groups, in general, display a less intense ethno-religious identification than do the cluster groups, they are not homogeneous in this respect. Residents of the Italian urban cluster belong mostly to the foreign-born generation. Second, third-, and subsequent - generations are more apt to locate in suburbia. Such is not the case for Jews. A substantial proportion of Jewish urban cluster residents are third - and subsequent - generation Jews. Stronger familial ties and more extensive friendships with members of the same ethnic group are characteristic of Jews and Italians resident in ethnic clusters compared to suburban ethnic members. For Italians, socio-economic status among cluster residents is significantly lower than that of most suburban Italians. For Jews, this it not the case. Jewish cluster residents are significantly higher in socio-economic status than most suburban Jews. Planners should be aware that ethnic minority groups are not homogeneous. They are internally differentiated by ethno-religious identification, socioeconomic status, generation status, and the extent and intensity of social networks. These differences should be considered in the formulation of plans. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis is concerned with analysing vertebrate fauna (mammals, birds, and fish) from the Locarno Beach culture (3300-2400 B.P.) of the Fraser River Delta area in southern British Columbia. The principal objective is to reconstruct site level vertebrate exploitative patterns for the Locarno Beach culture components at the Locarno Beach (DhRt 6), Whalen Farm (DfRs 3), and Musqueam NE (DhRt 4) sites. Qualitative and quantitative faunal analytic methods are employed to evaluate faunal data from each component. Data are also evaluated by seasonal availability and preferred habitat categories. The results of the faunal analysis indicate that Locarno Beach culture populations exploited mainly riverine and foreshore resources. Salmon is the major vertebrate resource, followed by land mammals (deer and elk) and waterfowl (mainly diving species). Intensive herring, flatfish, and waterfowl exploitation took place at two sites (DhRt 6 and DfRs 3), probably in conjunction with shellfish harvesting during the late winter through early spring (February to April). DhRt 6 was also occupied during the spring to early summer (April to June) for surf smelt procurement. The third site (DhRt 4) was occupied from late winter through the summer and may have been a major encampment for Fraser River salmon procurement. DhRt 4 also shares many attributes associated with Marpole and Late Prehistoric culture village sites. It is concluded that the Locarno Beach culture vertebrate subsistence economy is part of the Northwest Coast pattern. The Locarno Beach culture is a development from the St. Mungo culture (4300 - 3300 B.P.) with greater emphasis on riverine resources, especially salmon. Locarno Beach culture vertebrate fauna data indicate a range of site types, including seasonal resource extraction sites, salmon fishing sites, and possibly a winter village site. Similar to Marpole (2400-1600 B.P.) and Late Prehistoric (1600-1100 B.P.) cultures, Locarno Beach culture populations of the Fraser Delta exploited aggregated resources (e.g. herring, flatfish, waterfowl, and shellfish) at seasonally occupied camps during the late winter to early spring. The primary summer subsistence activity was salmon procurement. Preliminary evidence suggests that Fraser River sockeye salmon runs (late summer to fall) were intensively exploited with fishing nets near DhRt 4. Prolonged occupation at DhRt 4 during the winter may indicate that this site was a winter village, as well as a fishing site. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis attempts to explain the emergence and success of 'non-partisan' politics in Vancouver in the 1930s. It contends that the formation of the Non-Partisan Association in 1937 hinged on the structural change in municipal government from a ward system to an at-large system in 1935; and further, that the NPA was the defensive reaction of provincial Liberals and Conservatives to the success of the CCF in municipal politics under the new system. This author proceeds from the premise that the 'nonpartisan' nature of civic politics is a myth. In Chapter I the conservative ideological foundations of the 'non-partisan' philosophy are revealed in the alarmist response of the province's political and business elites to the depression. In Chapter II an examination of the origins of the change in the structure of Vancouver's government discloses the key role played by G.G. McGeer and other provincial politicians in the city's affairs. Chapter III examines the specific local developments that prompted the NPA's formation. The strength of the CCF in the city is assessed as well as the practical implications of the new at-large system for civic elections. Group biography confirms the partisan character of the NPA organization and reveals its provincial roots. Finally, this thesis discusses the reasons for the NPA's long term success and the implications for the city. An examination of the city's voting patterns in the 1930s reveals the effectiveness of the NPA's rhetoric and its organizational abilities under an at-large system. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

City-regions have emerged as a critical focus of economic activity, governance and social organization as a result of the ongoing processes of economic restructuring. Canadian city-regions are limited in their capacity to respond to contemporary problems due to the functional and structural limitations of outdated governing systems. The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) is a system of voluntary cooperation among twenty-one local municipalities. While this model has served the city-region well, its limits have been reached in terms of its ability to deliver necessary region-wide policy responses. Economic development, a crucial policy issue for urban regions, is characterized by vague and ill-functioning relationships and by poorly-defined policies and programs between the member municipalities and the regional tier. The GVRD is constrained by the fact that it can only do what is delegated by its members, and decisions are often compromised in order to suit conflicting local interests that exist throughout the region. A new governing model for the city-region should foster a regional vision, and should be appropriate for the responsibilities the city-region is expected to fulfill in this era of global competition. A single-tier government is the most appropriate model for Greater Vancouver, allowing comprehensive regional planning and innovative economic development to be carried out with a strong regional voice, and for decisions to be made with a greater degree of certainty, preserving the livability and economic health of Canada's fastest-growing city-region.

This thesis is concerned with the function of Alexandra House and the role it has played in the neighbourhood. Special attention has been devoted to the period from 1938, when the agency became a neighbourhood house, to April 1952. In the historical sketch emphasis is placed on programme, staff, and administration of the agency. The social and physical transitions within the neighbourhood are also considered, in relation to their influence on the role of Alexandra House. The material for the study was gained from annual and monthly reports, minutes of staff and Board of Directors' meetings, interviews with agency personnel, surveys made of the area, and other material secured through the co-operation of the agency and the Community Chest. The function of the agency and its services was analyzed on the basis of a series of criteria of neighbourhood-house operation. Comparison of the early non-professional staff with the present professional staff was possible, by analyzing the programmes of the two different periods. The thesis shows that social and economic changes within an area influence the attitudes and the needs of the people; an institution must change appropriately in order to meet the needs of the residents. The study also reveals the necessity of professional staff to perform a qualitative job. However, not only should a neighbourhood house programme evolve from the needs of the community, but the people within the community should assume more and more responsibility for their activities. A quality programme has evolved slowly with the aid of professionally-trained workers. Good leadership emphasizes quality rather than quantity; but it also illustrates that co-operation between all personnel is required for maximum efficiency, and that volunteers and students are able to contribute to the programme more effectively with proper supervision from professional staff. Looking at the future, the study reveals the need for a re-statement of this function, as the changes within the neighbourhood bring changes in the neighbours, and some drastic redevelopment possibilities loom for the district. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The primary intention of Deathwork is to present some heretofore uncollected materials about practices in our society relating to death, particularly as they center around the institution known as the coroner's office. In the course of my research, I've also gathered materials from doctors concerning their activities involving deathwork procedures and some conversation about the dead that could eventually be used for the sociological study of bereavement in our society. The bulk of this presentation, however, displays materials collected from a coroner's office in a large urban environment. They take the form of interviews and recorded sequences of interactions that are part of the daily business of doing the work of the coroner's office. In addition to presenting these materials I offer some brief descriptive comments on their character - together, they comprise the preliminaries for an ethnography or ethnological analysis of an institution in our society that has received little sociological attention. It is not the intention of this presentation to do the work of an ethnography, however, this report provides the necessary pre-conditions for doing such an ethnography. In addition, I felt compelled to draw up a theoretical program for what such an ethnography might look like in the form of a brief review of the literature supportive of the perspective that I think ought to be adopted. I believe that the arguments presented with respect to ethnography suggest that the methodological questions about ethnographic analysis are enough up in the air at the present time that a defense of the partiality of this presentation isn't required. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

City-regions have emerged as a critical focus of economic activity, governance and social organization as a result of the ongoing processes of economic restructuring. Canadian city-regions are limited in their capacity to respond to contemporary problems due to the functional and structural limitations of outdated governing systems. The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) is a system of voluntary cooperation among twenty-one local municipalities. While this model has served the city-region well, its limits have been reached in terms of its ability to deliver necessary region-wide policy responses. Economic development, a crucial policy issue for urban regions, is characterized by vague and ill-functioning relationships and by poorly-defined policies and programs between the member municipalities and the regional tier. The GVRD is constrained by the fact that it can only do what is delegated by its members, and decisions are often compromised in order to suit conflicting local interests that exist throughout the region. A new governing model for the city-region should foster a regional vision, and should be appropriate for the responsibilities the city-region is expected to fulfill in this era of global competition. A single-tier government is the most appropriate model for Greater Vancouver, allowing comprehensive regional planning and innovative economic development to be carried out with a strong regional voice, and for decisions to be made with a greater degree of certainty, preserving the livability and economic health of Canada's fastest-growing city-region. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This project examines “positive change” with regard to queer/LGBTTITQetc. education-activism in Vancouver, British Columbia directed at building what has been described as “queer-friendly schools” through the development and implementation of policy, as well as activist work connected to those efforts. I employ elements of autoethnography and participatory research by documenting and analyzing my education-activist work in this context and that of others with whom I have done this work. I situate this project within the broader context of the education system and queer/LGBTTITQetc. education-activist efforts in British Columbia. In the process, I problematize what is meant by or capable of activism and “positive change.” As demonstrated in the literature review, various understandings of sexuality, gender, activism, educational leadership, and “positive change” are available to inform queer/LGBTTITQetc. education-activism. This thesis examines how these understandings sit in tension with the practicalities, limitations, and contradictions of activist engagement at the school district level of a complex, politicized public school system. My engagement with the literature, documentation of the practical work, and exploration of a number of guiding questions with the project’s participants comprise the bulk of this project.