Historically, the most common analysis of the way in which a city evolved was in terms of market forces. According to this school of thought, propounded by the human ecologists, a residential area matured until it reached a point when it could be profitably redeveloped at a higher intensity of use. This type of explanation reflects the rise in land costs associated with rapid urban growth. More pertinently, it also reflects the power vested in politicians and business interests to control the destiny of parts of the city. Recently, however, we have witnessed an increasing concern amongst individuals and citizen interest groups over the way in which urban areas are being manipulated for political or corporate gain, at the expense of citizens' satisfaction. This concern has been expressed in terms of an increasing consciousness, or environmental and political awareness. This study examined West Kitsilano, one of Vancouver's older residential districts, in the light of the general hypothesis: That the degree of stability of a residential environ cannot be accounted for solely in terms of market forces. Part of the explanation must now be sought in terms of individual eco-behavioral factors. The hypothesis was validated by the research undertaken. This indicated that further insight on the contemporary forces affecting the evolution of urban areas can be gained by examining the understanding residents have of their environ and the behavior patterns they display. It revealed that despite the presence of market forces committed to the redevelopment of the area, inhabitants can play a conscious role in the preservation of their residential environ in a form which satisfies their day to day requirements. If continued intervention in the way in which the city evolves is to be relevant, it will depend on a more informed planning process. It must take account of the sentiments and expectations of individuals throughout the urban area, in addition to considering the continued deployment of people and activities in terms of market induced factors. This requires considerable introspection on behalf of those involved in environmental management. It demands that citizens be regarded as directors of the urban fabric rather than as mere actors to be directed. However, the ability to ask fundamentally social and organizational questions will be wasted unless planners can demonstrate equal flexibility in their search for policies and avenues of intervention. This will inevitably lead them outside traditional areas of competence, or outside traditional institutional frameworks. Most significantly, it will emphasize that those involved in environmental management must become part of, rather than alleged experts for, social change. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The pattern of land subdivision is a determinant of the quality of the physical environment. There appear to be areas of many British Columbia municipalities where subdivision design detracts from the quality of the environment, Since community planning is concerned with improving the environment, deficient subdivision is a significant planning problem, and there is need for effective implementation techniques to amend existing subdivision patterns. Commonly used implementation techniques such as subdivision controls, plans cancellation and public land acquisition are of limited value in dealing with this problem. It is hypothesized that replotting is an effective implementation technique for improving the physical pattern of urban land subdivision as part of the community planning process in British Columbia. The British Columbia replotting legislation, found in the Municipal Act, allows a municipal Council to define any area of the municipality as a Replotting District. If owners representing seventy per cent of the assessed value of land in such a District consent, the land may be resubdivided, and owners of former parcels receive a new parcel of equal value in exchange, or compensation in money. All charges and encumbrances against former parcels are transferred to the new parcels. The legislation prescribes the procedures to be followed, the basis for compensation, and the rights of appeal. The research method used is the case study. The case study is conducted in the District of North Vancouver, a British Columbia municipality which has used replotting extensively. The topography In North Vancouver is hilly, any most developable areas were laid out prematurely in a grid pattern unsuited to the topography. The community planning process is now well established in the District. The general use of replotting in the District is outlined, and the administrative procedures followed are described. Four typical replotting schemes are then examined in detail. An evaluation of the use of replotting in the District of North Vancouver indicates that replotting has been successful in improving the contribution of subdivision design to the quality of the environments that replotting appears to be an economical procedure; that the technique has won public acceptance} and that it has been possible to integrate replotting successfully into community planning administration in the District. It is concluded from the case study that, subject to certain qualifications, replotting is an effective implementation technique for improving the physical pattern of urban land subdivision as part of the community planning process In British Columbia. Replotting has a number of specific advantages and also some limitations as a technique for altering existing patterns of subdivision; further areas of research are indicated, which would help to delimit the precise parameters within which replotting is most effective. While there have been some indications of wider Interest in the technique recently, at present the District of North Vancouver is the only British Columbia municipality making extensive use of replotting. It is recommended that other municipalities having the required staff skills consider the use of replotting. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis examines the current separation between the disciplines of physical planning and social planning with particular reference to the City of Vancouver. Traditionally, physical planning was dominated by the doctrine of environmental determinism while social planning was limited to the supply of social services to the community. Neither of them, as separate functions, was able to effectively eliminate social and environmental problems in the urban complex. The maladjustment between the physical plans and social desires is particularly evident in urban renewal programs where replacement of poor physical structures by decent housing fails to, improve the social conditions. One of the methods advocated in North America for eliminating mismatches between physical planning and social needs is citizen participation in planning. The primary purpose of this thesis is to test the relevance of citizen involvement as a liaison between the two functions. The hypothesis for this research is: That citizen participation will assist in the integration of physical planning and social planning. Research findings reveal that "planning" is a comprehensive process of decision-making on the allocation and development of human and physical resources. Any physical plan which aims at improving the environment for the benefit of the public is essentially "social" in nature. Planning is therefore an apparatus for co-ordinating the individual physical-socio-economic functional programs of a community into an integrated overview of the total community. In fact, only one type of planning exists - a comprehensive approach aimed at achieving social goals. It is an inter-systems method which involves the deliberate introduction of socioeconomic and human-behavior consideration into the decision-making arena. Further research on citizen participation appears to support the hypothesis that citizen involvement will assist the desired integration of physical planning and social values. Various forms of citizen participation are identified, ranging from the passive non-participation role of education, information, consultation and placation to the aggressive effects of delegated power and citizen control. This gradation of participatory "strategies" is represented by a typology -The Model of a Ladder of Citizen Participation. Literature review also indicates that citizen participation is in fact a new kind of politics which involves the redistribution of power to the have-not citizens and the decentralization of government functions. The peak level of the citizen participation model is "citizen power", at which step, social desires of the community are significantly represented and accounted for in the planning process. The Case Study on the Strathcona Urban Renewal Porgram in Vancouver provides affirmative indications in favour of the hypothesis. Various "strategies" of citizen involvement, progressing from the low level of non-participation and tokenism in the early 1960s to the present stage of delegated power were practised by the Strathcona residents. The Case further substantiates the hypothesis that citizen participation is a promising alternative to the traditional planning approach under the existing political system. Although the urban renewal program in Strathcona is still under process to-date, there is some validation in presuming that participatory democracy will assist the integration of physical planning and social values. In retrospective, it appears that two challenges are posed to the planning professionals: to increase their social sensitivity and to broaden their innovation role. Future research into the methods of promoting meaningful citizen participation and to politicize the planning process are deemed necessary. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis is part of a larger continuous study which deals with the concept of "Life Style" as a force mapping segments of the urban society into reasonably distinct areas within a metropolitan district. This paper then uses the concept of the "Life Style" as a starting point. The life style chosen here for study is connected with those people who select to live in the dense residential environments associated with the urban core. By examining such an area, its context within the metropolis is found, and the elements constituting it and their interconnections are identified. From the form giving forces generated by this information, a residential system is developed that reflects and reinforces the life style of the population under study. The system is evolved in a “model' abstract area that exhibits characteristics and constraints common to many metropoli, and later applied to a real situation in a particular city to test the efficacy of the system under typical conditions. For the sake of the thesis, I have called the model "Intropolis". It is suggested that new skills and new methods will need to be devised to describe the specific segments of the metropolitan area. To describe Intropolis I have asked a number of questions. The necessary information to answer these questions has been found from census data, from our own observations, and from a sample attitude test undertaken in the West End of Vancouver. The questions are as follows: 1. Who are the people that congregate in a specific area and what are their characteristics and attitudes? Here I have described families in the model area, the households, and the attitudes of members of the household to each other. I was also concerned with household economics and its influence on choices; the sources of family income and the kind of work that procured it seemed to have an influence on values and choices made. 2. How is time used? Observation of activities and their position in space and time becomes as important to the environmental designers as the more normal census data. 3. What are the important forms and tools of communication between people? The urban area is often defined as a system of contacts, and it is suggested that the pattern of place and space may influence the nature of contacts, and vice versa that the nature of the contacts will influence the needs of space. New forms of communication have been a great influence on urban form. I found that these tools must however not be taken for granted as they are not equally available to all groups within the community. After completing the description of the model area, information was perceived as a form giving force from which some of the factors which determine the character of the area can be deduced. These are described in the second part of the thesis. They include a) A basic movement system b) A system of relationships of housing to institutions such as schools, hospitals, churches, public and social services, and commercial and business needs. c) A system of contacts and separations within the area, including open and enclosed spaces. d) A range of choice and a range of densities of housing types. The thesis concludes by integrating these forces into a diagrammatic whole on the model area. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Urbanization is a dominant characteristic of the world condition. Eventually 90 - 95 per-cent of the total population will live in urban agglomerations. In Canada, the prefered housing type is still the single-family house on its own lot, even though many people cannot afford it or must give up some of the advantages of urban life to achieve it. What is urban life now? It is based on the economic condition of people - not only is poverty a problem but so is affluence. Work and leisure are being re-evaluated and our views of labour, social class, family structure, etc. are changing. Social stratification exists and people of similar life-style tend to become members of cohesive communities. Recognizing this, how can various styles-of-life be accommodated with creating ghettoes? Community becomes harder to define considering both social and physical mobility. Problems of members complicate the issues further - changes of scale may mean entirely new problems. The family is changing as an institution and in its composition - younger marriages, female - male equality, birth control, single generation family are changing the conditions that lead to existing housing forms. In order to deal with the many complexities affecting housing a method of defining life-style was devised - life-style being regarded as a valid means of defining community in terms of individual conditions of social situation, mobility and communication, use of time, position in the power or governmental structure. This is the basis of the housing grouping theory, that is: people live together because of a common sense of appropriateness to their situation or life-style. The investigation of life-style was divided into the above characteristics of people. A study area was chosen, the Commercial Drive area of Vancouver, and the method related to the specific problem definable through use of the methodology or "check list." This method enabled us to investigate and discribe "Urbville." The life style of Urbville is characterized by people from old cultures who have moved to a new North American setting. Most people in Urbville are newcomers to this country and adaption to the new environment, new surroundings and a different society, consumes a large amount of the energies of the population. Financial means are small in relation to those of other Canadians but a little better than they were in Italy, Greece or China. Social status, however, is felt to be lower. It is therefore more secure to stay close to those who speak the same mother tongue, and who have a common culture, similar experiences and a similar fate. The income of families in 1961 was $4,034 against $5,366 Metro average. Mobility of those living here is very low compared with others in the urban area. Only 40% of the families own a car while the average for the urban area is 63%. Many men work in the district in which they live with their families, and women and children spend most of their time in the same environment, close to home, the church, the school and shopping of the area. The environ, in fact, is like the village in which all life and all public facilities are within walking distance. In the urban setting, however, the village is modified by other communication, transportation and industry. In our case its centre is a street which is also a major traffic artery for trucks and cars leading from the centre to other parts of the urban system. The arising conflicts are too great and must be adjusted, without interrupting the validity of a village centre which may also attract others from the urban area because of what it offers in restaurants, specialty shopping and its specific character. While families with children dominate the residential pattern there are also many other households which must be accommodated in proper balance and ease the close contacts which are the nature of "village life." As street life is important, cars must be removed from the streets. The paved area of the remaining street and the stoop for sitting make for easy informal contact for children and adults. There is some need for outdoor privacy, but in an atmosphere of safety in this culture, that need is small. Because of binding emotional and cultural ties the community is closely knit, although not in an organizational sense. In fact, there is a need for social assistance due to difficulties of adaption. The present formal education in the area is less than average, and pleasure and recreation must be achieved with a minimum of funds in the family with friends and neighbours. Therefore, there is the need to give the greatest wealth of experience within the environ. Home, street, shopping street, institution and green space for recreation are the ingredients of this environ. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

The once close physical, functional, economic and cultural solidarity between ports and cities has diminished as a result of changes within both ports and their surrounding urban areas. Spatially, ports and cities have become separated as port structures have grown and evolved to meet the demands of trade and shipping technology over the past few decades. This separation is exacerbated by changing social priorities in the use of urban waterfront space and heightened interest in quality of life issues. As the pressures affecting the urban waterfront continue to grow, the port-city relationship has become strained. This paper is concerned with how the relationship between ports and cities can be improved to support the complementary development of the port with its urban region and, at the same time, maintain the quality of life city residents have come to expect. More specifically, this study seeks out the appropriate planning principles, strategies and approaches that can effectively address the problems and land use conflicts at the port-city interface. The study begins by exploring the literature of structural and societal changes that are affecting port city waterfronts and the conflicts that result between ports and cities in their planning for the waterfront. In a number of cases, these challenges are being met by the separate actions of ports and cities; however, given port-city linkages in many issues it is revealed that there is much to be gained through the effective coordination of efforts based on shared planning principles. A review of the Vancouver cityport confirms the port-city challenges suggested by the literature and interviews with municipal and port representatives lend support to the concept of port-city planning principles. The major conclusions of this study are that ports and cities can benefit from increased collaboration on the basis of agreed planning principles and a shared approach to waterfront planning that recognizes each party's needs. The challenge to be borne by city and port planners is one that seeks reconciliation, balance and the re-building of a synergistic relationship.

The once close physical, functional, economic and cultural solidarity between ports and cities has diminished as a result of changes within both ports and their surrounding urban areas. Spatially, ports and cities have become separated as port structures have grown and evolved to meet the demands of trade and shipping technology over the past few decades. This separation is exacerbated by changing social priorities in the use of urban waterfront space and heightened interest in quality of life issues. As the pressures affecting the urban waterfront continue to grow, the port-city relationship has become strained. This paper is concerned with how the relationship between ports and cities can be improved to support the complementary development of the port with its urban region and, at the same time, maintain the quality of life city residents have come to expect. More specifically, this study seeks out the appropriate planning principles, strategies and approaches that can effectively address the problems and land use conflicts at the port-city interface. The study begins by exploring the literature of structural and societal changes that are affecting port city waterfronts and the conflicts that result between ports and cities in their planning for the waterfront. In a number of cases, these challenges are being met by the separate actions of ports and cities; however, given port-city linkages in many issues it is revealed that there is much to be gained through the effective coordination of efforts based on shared planning principles. A review of the Vancouver cityport confirms the port-city challenges suggested by the literature and interviews with municipal and port representatives lend support to the concept of port-city planning principles. The major conclusions of this study are that ports and cities can benefit from increased collaboration on the basis of agreed planning principles and a shared approach to waterfront planning that recognizes each party's needs. The challenge to be borne by city and port planners is one that seeks reconciliation, balance and the re-building of a synergistic relationship. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate