Vancouver Island forms one of the border ranges of the North American Cordillera, and is separated from the mainland of British Columbia by a submerged depression, the Strait of Georgia. In extent, Vancouver Island is some 280 miles long and 50 to 80 miles wide, with an estimated area of 13,000 square miles. A central, strongly dissected mountainous backbone comprises most of the Island and forms its main axis, lying in a N.W. — S.E. direction. On the east, the backbone is bordered by a relatively narrow coastal plain which slopes gently to the Strait of Georgia. Southeastern Vancouver Island as considered in this study, is that portion of the Island lying south and east of a line from the mouth of Muir Creek to the southern end of Saanich Inlet, thence following the Inlet to the northern tip of Saanich Peninsula. Southeastern Vancouver Island presents a varied picture to the geographer. The upland topography of the west and southwest, on the one hand, is characterized by forest industry, with attendant sparse population and relatively few roads. Inland, scattered areas of suitable soils are occupied by general farms, while along the coast, the many bays and harbours are centres of fishing activity. On the other hand, extensive areas of modified glacial tills in the central and northern portions are widely developed for a variety of agricultural pursuits. Population is concentrated here and transportation routes show a dense, rectangular pattern. An urban area has developed in response to the natural harbour and its agricultural hinterland. The present day hinterland of this urban area extends far beyond the regional boundaries so that it now includes most of Vancouver Island. Though not well endowed with metallic minerals, the region has extensive reserves of non-mettalics in the form of sands, gravels and clays. These glacial deposits are being exploited for use in local construction. Fishing is well developed along the ocean littoral and exploits several fishes of which the Pacific salmon are the most important. The most valuable primary industries are agriculture and forestry. Agriculture is favoured by the long frostless season, absence of extreme temperatures, and dry, relatively sunny summers. Berry culture, bulb and seed production are thriving operations on the glacially derived soils, Forestry utilizes the steep slopes and non-arable soils of the maturely dissected upland area in the west and southwest. Though ouch of the forest area has been out over, climatic and edaphic conditions are optimum for reforestation of Douglas fir, the most valuable species. Secondary industry in Southeastern Vanoouvor Island ie favored by presence of forest and soil resources and a ready source of labour, but is hindered by limited markets and energy supplies. At present, manufacturing is restricted to simple processing. A great variety of tertiary industries centred in the urban area of Victoria serve the large residential zone. Tourism is one of these industries which has been particularly successful, capitalizing the local climate and scenery, the recreational facilities and "British" atmosphere. The region's greatest potential rests on its soil and forest resources. Ultimately, the cultivated land could be approximately doubled. The non-arable soils and upland areas now supporting various stages of second growth forest, are well suited to sustained yield forestry. The expansion of local population and secondary industries would probably parallel increased development of these basic industries, thereby adding considerably to the regional wealth. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Around 1500 years ago, the Coast Salish peoples of southwestern British Columbia began to inter their dead within funerary petroforms. These burials, consisting of patterned arrangements of stone and soil built over the dead, marked a dramatic transition from below ground burials within the village, to above ground cemeteries located around village peripheries. This upward and outward movement of the dead is exemplified at the Rocky Point Peninsula on the southernmost tip of Vancouver Island. It is one of the largest mortuary landscapes on the Northwest Coast of North America, with 515 visible funerary petroforms distributed within and between two large neighbouring cemeteries. Catherine Bell’s (1992) notion of ritualization challenges us to consider what the building of funerary petroforms accomplished that previous funerary practices did not. While funerals are times of grieving, they may also be ritual actions in which the dead are transformed from corpse to ancestor and the family from mourner to inheritor. It was in the authority of tradition that funerary ritual served as a process for both enacting and contesting relationships of power within and between the two neighbouring communities at Rocky Point. Foregoing excavation, Coast Salish protocols of working with their dead challenged me to consider how the external and material attributes of funerary petroforms worked through space and time to produce a landscape inhabited by these durable, ancestral agents. Focusing on the mesoscale encompassing these two large cemeteries, this dissertation is an analysis of the depositional practices employed by the Rocky Point peoples in the burial of their dead. Tacking between an ethnographic thematic analysis of Coast Salish ritualization, a body of social theory, and the archaeological record, I used a novel suite of quantitative analyses to identify patterns in how these burials were made, in addition to how they were placed relative to one another on the landscape. Results point to a fundamental bifurcation in funerary petroform morphology and placement, in part, differentiating communities of ritual practice at Rocky Point. In particular, the results highlight the social significance of the spaces between the burials, as much as the burials themselves. This is exemplified by a perceptual paradox in which these above ground features, built according to shared dispositions of practice and placed on distinctive landscapes, are simultaneously and intentionally hidden from day-to-day movement between villages. This Rocky Point sense of monumentality speaks to the liminality of their most powerful dead, anchored at the threshold of the living. Funerary petroforms have a persistent power to entangle the living and the dead in oblique relationships of power. The resilience of this memory work, however, is not limited to the past. At Rocky Point and other cemeteries throughout the Salish Sea, these ancestral places provide living descendants with a tangible connection to family and community history. Possessing a durability that continues to enmesh people and places through time, funerary petroforms are one of the fulcrums upon which relations of power are presently balanced between Coast Salish and settler communities in British Columbia. / Graduate / dmathews@uvic.ca

Root disease is a serious concern for the softwood timber industry. This thesis reports on the development of a root disease detection procedure that applies lidar data integrated with imaging spectrometer data. Photosynthetic pigments are frequently cited as one of the most responsive indicators of vegetation stress. This study estimated pigment content from needle and canopy reflectance and characterized the sensitivity of these pigments to a fungal-mediated stress. Samples were collected from the Greater Victoria Watershed District on Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. Lab reflectance measurements were made and pigments were extracted. Reflectance spectra were transformed into derivative spectra and a continuum removal band depth analysis was conducted. Reflectance metrics were generated and used in modeling pigment content. Chlorophyll-a was found to be significantly affected by the disease in the needle level portion of this study. The predictive power of reflectance attributes were assessed and yielded strong coefficients of determination (R2>0.80). Samples exhibiting stress responses affected by root disease were discriminated. It was determined that younger trees were more severely affected by the root pathogen than mature colonized trees. In the canopy level component of the study, chlorophyll-a was estimated through the application of partial least squares regression and achieved an R2 value of 0.82. Continuum removal metrics, which proved to be good estimators at the needle level, were found to be insufficient at the canopy level. Through the use of hyperspectral forest chemistry products, potential root disease sites can be identified. / Graduate

On-farm food safety management programs are increasingly a part of business for horticultural and livestock producers. Originally designed for export oriented food manufacturers, they are now promoted to smaller and domestically oriented farms as well. This thesis explores the potential impacts these programs can have on on small scale, ecological and locally oriented "community" farms. The food safety management approach explored involves a HACCP analysis, "Good Agricultural Practices" and an audit-based verification system. The research is based largely on interviews with community farmers on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Findings indicate that in addition to the (widely acknowledged) financial disadvantages that these programs can present to small scale businesses they can also have significant socio-cultural impacts on community farms specifically. In particular, food safety programs can require farmers to focus on food safety objectives to the exclusion of other priorities. This can compromise their ability to practice ecological methods of food production. Also, the HACCP programs explored impose a commercial-style administrative model onto farms to facilitate a textually enacted demonstration of "safe food production". Such an approach does not account for the social regulatory mechanisms in place in localized markets and could require considerable reorganization for community farms. Finally, HACCP programs redefine the role of farmers such that their authority and autonomy are diminished, and the nature of farm work becomes managerially oriented. The impacts identified suggest that the community agricultural sector merits particular consideration in the development and implementation of food safety policies and programs. / Graduate

Pollen and microscopic charcoal fragments from seven sites (East Sooke Fen and Pixie, Whyac, Porphyry, Walker, Enos, and Boomerang lakes) were used to reconstruct the post-glacial vegetation, climate, and fire disturbance history on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. A non-arboreal pollen and spore zone occurs in the basal clays at Porphyry Lake and likely represents a tundra or tundra-steppe ecosystem. This zone precedes the Pimis contorta (lodgepole pine) biogeochron that is generally considered to have colonised deglaciated landscapes and may represent a late Wisconsinan glacial refugium. An open Pinus contorta woodland characterised the landscape in the late-glacial interval. Fires were rare or absent and a cool and dry climate influenced by “continental-scale katabatic” easterly winds dominated. Closed lowland forests consisting of Picea (spruce), Abies (fir), Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), and Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock) with P. contorta and Alnus (alder) and subalpine forests containing Picea, Abies, and T. mertensiana with P. contorta replaced the P. contorta biogeochron in the late Pleistocene. Fires became more common during this interval even though climate seems to have been cool and moist. Open Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) forests with Pteridium (bracken fern) in the understory and Alnus in moist and disturbed sites expanded westward during the warm dry early Holocene. At this time closed Picea, T. heterophylla, and possibly Alnus forests grew in the wettest part of southern Vancouver Island at Whyac Lake. At high elevations, forests consisting of T. heterophylla and Pseudotsuga coupled with Alnus expanded during the early Holocene. Fires occurred frequently in lowland forested ecosystems during this interval, although East Sooke Fen in a dry, open region experienced less fire. At high elevations, charcoal increased somewhat from the late Pleistocene, indicating slightly more fires and reflecting continued moist conditions at high elevations. The mid and late Holocene was characterized by increasing precipitation and decreasing temperature respectively. Mid Holocene lowland forests were dominated by Pseudotsuga with T. heterophylla and Alnus in southeastern regions, T. heterophylla and Thuja plicata (western red-cedar) in southern regions, and T. heterophylla and Picea in southwestern regions. An overall decrease in charcoal influx suggests a decrease in lowland fires, although locally isolated fire events are evident in most sites. Quercus garryana (Garry oak) stands spread westward during the mid Holocene, attaining maximum extent between East Sooke Fen and Pixie Lake, approximately 50 km beyond their modem limit. Lowland sites record a general decrease in fires at this time. At high elevation, mid Holocene forests were dominated by T. heterophylla, Picea, and Abies with Alnus. An overall increase in charcoal influx at high elevations may reflect an increase in the number of charcoal fragments entering the basins by overland flow as opposed to an increase in fire incidence because climate was moister. In the late Holocene, closed T. heterophylla and T. plicata forests became established in wetter western regions, Pseudotsuga forests occupied drier eastern portions, and T. mertensiana and Cupressaceae, likely Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Alaska yellow cedar), forests were established in sub-alpine sites. Lowland fires were infrequent in wet western regions but frequent in drier eastern regions. A slight reduction in charcoal influx generally occurs at high elevations, implying fewer fires. A recent increase in charcoal influx at East Sooke Fen and Whyac, Walker, Enos, and Boomerang lakes may reflect anthropogenic burning. Holocene paleoclimates were reconstructed at 1,000 year intervals through a geographic information system (GIS) using contemporary climate data and surface and fossil pollen assemblages by establishing empirical regression equations that calibrated contemporary precipitation and temperatures to present day Douglas-fir-western hemlock (DWHI) and T. heterophylla-T. mertensiana (THMl) pollen ratios. / Graduate

This study of social welfare measurements in Region I (Vancouver Island) is the fourth in a series of regional assessments. A similar study of Region VI (The Okanagan) is presently being completed. Three previous studies have been done; one in an unorganized area of Northern British Columbia, the second Region III (The Fraser Valley), and the third was a comprehensive study of Metropolitan Vancouver including several of the surrounding districts. Region I of the Department of Social Welfare very closely coincides with census division 5 of British Columbia. This has overcome the discrepancy that often exists between census material boundaries and welfare regional boundaries. Census division 5 actually includes some islands and isolated areas of the north coast of British Columbia lying adjacent to Vancouver Island. These areas are very sparsely populated and are more readily accessible from the mainland than from Vancouver Island, and are therefore not included in Welfare Region I. Basic statistical data was compiled and computed from the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Extensive use was made of 1961 data with selective reference being made to the 1951 data available. In some instances the census subdivision boundaries were changed within the bench work decade (1951-1961). Therefore some of the changes in social and economic conditions could not be measured. In these instances it was necessary to rely on the 1961 data. The welfare statistics were compiled primarily from the monthly reports of the Provincial Department of Social Welfare for the years 1951 and 1961. However, in Metropolitan Victoria there are numerous private social agencies and one major one serving families and children. This latter was chosen to examine more fully the welfare services offered in this area. This is an initial exploratory study of Vancouver Island as a welfare region. Further studies in detail of the kind initiated in Nanaimo to measure the appropriateness and effectiveness of welfare services should be carried out. These would provide information for comprehensive planning for the welfare needs of the people who live in this region. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Freyman, Anna; Hollick-Kenyon, Grace Agnes; Macdonald, Janet Mary / Graduate

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Chicago, 1904. / At head of title: The University of Chicago. Reprinted from the Annual report, 1904, of the American Historical Association. Includes bibliographical references (p. 472-478) Also available on the Internet.

Effective, economic extraction of ocean wave energy requires an intimate under- standing of the ocean wave environment. Unfortunately, wave data is typically un- available in the near-shore (<150m depth) areas where most wave energy conversion devices will be deployed. This thesis identities, and where necessary develops, ap- propriate methods and procedures for using near-shore wave modelling software to provide critical wave climate data to the wave energy industry. The geographic focus is on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, an area internationally renowned for its wave energy development potential. The near-shore computational wave modelling packages SWAN and REF/DIF were employed to estimate wave conditions near-shore. These models calculate wave conditions based on the off-shore wave boundary conditions, local bathymetry and optionally, other physical input parameters. Wave boundary condition were sourced from theWaveWatchIII off-shore computational wave model operated by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. SWAN has difficulty simulating diffraction (which can be important close to shore), but is formulated such that it is applicable over a wide range of spatial scales. REF/DIF contains a more exact handling of diffraction but is limited by computational expense to areas less than a few hundred square kilometres. For this reason SWAN and REF/DIF may be used in a complementary fashion, where SWAN is used at an intermediary between the global-scale off-shore models and the detailed, small scale computations of REF/DIF. When operating SWAN at this medium scale a number of other environmental factors become important. Using SWAN to model most of Vancouver Island's West Coast (out to the edge of the continental shelf), the sensitivity of wave estimates to various modelling param- eters was explored. Computations were made on an unstructured grid which allowed the grid resolution to vary throughout the domain. A study of grid resolution showed that a resolution close to that of the source bathymetry was the most appropriate. Further studies found that wave estimates were very sensitive to the local wind condi- tions and wave boundary conditions, but not very sensitive to currents or water level variations. Non-stationary computations were shown to be as accurate and more computationally efficient than stationary computations. Based on these findings it is recommended this SWAN model use an unstructured grid, operate in non-stationary mode and include wind forcing. The results from this model may be used directly to select promising wave energy development sites, or as boundary conditions to a more detailed model. A case study of the wave climate of Hesquiaht Sound, British Columbia, Canada (a small sub-region of the medium scale SWAN model) was performed using a high resolution REF/DIF model. REF/DIF was used for this study because presence of a Hesquiaht Peninsula which has several headlands around which diffraction was thought to be important. This study estimates the most probable conditions at a number of near-shore sites on a monthly basis. It was found that throughout the year the off-shore wave power ranges from 7 to 46kW/m. The near-shore typically has 69% of the off-shore power and ranges from 5 to 39kW/m. At the near-shore site located closest to Hot Springs Cove there is on average 13.1kW/m of wave power, a significant amount likely sufficient for wave power development. The methods implemented in this thesis may be used by groups or individuals to assess the wave climate in near-shore regions of the West Coast of Vancouver Island or other regions of the world where wave energy extraction may be promising. It is only with detailed knowledge of the wave climate that we can expect commercial extraction of wave energy to commence. / Graduate

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Chicago, 1904. / At head of title: The University of Chicago. Reprinted from the Annual report, 1904, of the American Historical Association. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 472-478)

The thesis is a study of the urban development of Central Vancouver Island, an area which lacks economic homogeneity. Throughout the period of settlement, agriculture has been second in importance to coal mining and later to the forest industry. Much of the settlement in the region has been as a result of the utilization of three natural resources - coal, forest and land suitable for cultivation. Access to a means of transport was the early factor limiting expansion of settlement, in particular access to the coast and steamers from Victoria. As transport facilities on land improved, occupation of inland areas took place. The first urban settlement in the region was associated with coal mining in the Nanaimo area, and later farther north at the Cumberland-Union mines. The second phase of urban growth occurred from 1900-1930, a period characterized by decreasing profits from -coal mining and greater importance of forest industries. This phase is marked by the growth of Duncan and Gourtenay as service centres for their respective agricultural hinterlands and by changes in the location of mining centres. A rapid increase of population occurred as a result of advances in the forest industry, and of concurrent increase in the service industries, between 1931 and 1961. This third phase of settlement is characterized by an improved and expanded highway system which greatly facilitated the growth of a hierarchy of urban centres, both service and industrial, along with the expansion of the settled area of the Island. A statistical analysis of the population and number of central functions and functional units present in the urban centres of Central Vancouver Island was carried out. Comparison of the results obtained with those published for a similar study in South West Iowa, indicates that most of the relationships present in the latter agricultural region are also present in Central Vancouver Island, but to a less marked degree because of the presence of a larger number of industrial centres. Another conclusion.is that the study of trade centres through this period illustrates the fact that those centres which are of a high order in a hierarchy tend to increase more rapidly than lower order centres. Five centres, Nanaimo, Duncan, Courtenay, the Albernis and Ladysmith, were selected for detailed study of their changing functions and morphology. This revealed the importance of transport facilities, wharfs, railways and highways, which have resulted in industrial expansions and, in some cases, increase of service functions. The central and port location of Nanaimo has led to its growth as the major wholesale distribution point for the area and it is as the tributary area to Nanaimo that the region attains unity. Despite the variety of economic backgrounds to which the urban centres owe their existence, and the early growth of settlement in widely separated locations, the development of a network of communications has allowed the evolution of a hierarchy of urban places within the region. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate